Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the effect of errorless learning (ELL) and errorful learning (EFL) on a discrete aiming task (dart-throwing). Thirty university students (male, n = 15; female, n = 15) with age of 22 ± 2.0 years old (M = 21.2; SD = 1.08) without any prior experience in dart-throwing participated in this study. After the pre-experimental evaluation, participants were randomly assigned into two groups (ELL and EFL group) by matched-pair design. There were three phases in the study, which were the acquisition, retention, and transfer phases. Both groups did not receive any instructions regarding the dart-throw. The results of variable error showed that there was a significant reduction in the ELL group over trials seemed to indicate that participants in ELL can utilize the learning to become more consistent in dart-throwing performance compared to the EFL group. The results in retention and transfer phases showed that the ELL group performed with significantly less error than the EFL group. The ELL group practiced with errorless learning performed with increased consistency during the retention phase compared to participants who practiced with errorful learning. The study concluded that implicit learning in errorless learning has been beneficial for the individual to get better dart-throwing performance as it can reduce the errors and lower cognitive demand when performing the task.
Highlights
Physical activity (PA) is defined as any kind of physical movement generated by the skeletal muscles, and for which energy expenditure is required (WHO, 2019)
Epidemiological studies have found a positive association between the increased energy consumption caused by physical activity and the reduction in lipid parameters and body mass when combined with dieting and physical exercise (BaxterJones & Maffulli, 2003)
Previous studies show that aerobic program increases VO2max, it is more important to note that it reduces both heart rate and blood pressure (Astorino et al, 2012)
Summary
Physical activity (PA) is defined as any kind of physical movement generated by the skeletal muscles, and for which energy expenditure is required (WHO, 2019). Beneficial effects of physical exercise on cardiovascular diseases can be seen in: the improvement of aerobic capacities and metabolic functions, the amplification of the lipid profile, insulin sensitivity of the immune system, the increase of myocardial perfusion and fibrinolytic activity, the decrease of thrombocyte adherence due to increased prostaglandin PGI2 synthesis, the increase in energy consumption (important for maintaining ideal body mass), prevention and treatment of diabetes, and stress control (Bidde et al, 1999).
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