Abstract
BackgroundErrorless learning has advantages over errorful learning. The erroneous items produced during errorful learning compete with correct items at retrieval resulting in decreased memory performance. This interference is associated with an increased demand on executive monitoring processes. Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to contrast errorless and errorful learning. Learning mode was manipulated by the number of distractors during learning of face-name associations: in errorless learning only the correct name was introduced. During errorful learning either one incorrect name or two incorrect names were additionally introduced in order to modulate the interference in recognition.ResultsThe behavioural results showed an enhanced memory performance after errorless learning. The veridicality of recognition of the face-name associations was reflected in a left lateralized fronto-temporal-parietal network. The different learning modes were associated with modulations in left prefrontal and parietal regions.ConclusionsErrorless learning enhances memory performance as compared to errorful learning and underpins the known advantages for errorless learning. During memory retrieval different networks are engaged for specific purposes: Recognition of face-name associations engaged a lateralized fronto-temporal-parietal network and executive monitoring processes of memory engaged the left prefrontal and parietal regions.
Highlights
IntroductionThe erroneous items produced during errorful learning compete with correct items at retrieval resulting in decreased memory performance
Errorless learning has advantages over errorful learning
Performance was modulated by Learning mode (F(2,38) = 3.55, p < .05, Greenhouse-Geisser corrected) with decreasing performance measures from EL over errorful one distractor (EF1) to errorful 2 distractors (EF2)
Summary
The erroneous items produced during errorful learning compete with correct items at retrieval resulting in decreased memory performance. This interference is associated with an increased demand on executive monitoring processes. Consider a cocktail party at which you are introduced by the host to several previously unknown people This may lead to a situation where several names are associated with a particular face and the incorrect names might interfere with the correct name during retrieval (e.g., when you meet one of the persons again at another party). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have linked a fronto-temporal network to the encoding of face-name associations, namely the hippocampus, the fusiform gyrus and the inferior frontal cortex [1,2,3,4]
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