Abstract
在自然降水条件下, 通过大田试验研究了施磷量对晋南旱地冬小麦部分抗性指标、产量、磷素利用率以及1 m土壤磷素形态分布特征的影响。结果表明: 施磷可以提高旱地冬小麦抗逆性、穗数, 进而提高产量, 但对穗粒数和千粒重影响不明显。在0~120 kg(P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)·hm<sup>-2</sup>施磷范围内, 小麦生育期旗叶硝酸还原酶(NR)活性、穗数和产量随施磷量增加显著增加, 丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量随施磷量增加显著降低。当施磷量达到180 kg(P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)·hm<sup>-2</sup>时, 旗叶中MDA、Pro含量降低幅度较小, 甚至会升高; NR活性除抽穗期外不再有显著变化, 穗数和产量变化亦不显著。磷素施入土壤后易固定, 导致磷肥利用率偏低, 当季回收率仅为9%~13%, 以施磷60~120 kg(P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>)·hm<sup>-2</sup>为最高。1 m土壤各土层Hedley形态磷分布特征表现为: HCl-Pi>Residual-P> HCl-Po>NaOH-Pi>NaHCO<sub>3</sub>-Pi>NaOH-Po>H<sub>2</sub>O-Pi>NaHCO<sub>3</sub>-Po>H<sub>2</sub>O-Po, 其中以HCl-P和Residual-P为主, 分 别占全磷的75%和20%左右, H<sub>2</sub>O-P、NaHCO<sub>3</sub>-P和NaOH-P含量共占全磷的5%左右。施入土壤中的磷素当 季主要被固定在0~20 cm土层, 不同Hedley形态磷增加量总体在0~39.11 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>之间, 且施磷越多, 被固定磷素就越多。综合考虑冬小麦抗逆性、产量及磷素利用率, 当地旱作冬小麦施磷量(P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>))以120 kg·hm<sup>-2</sup>左右为宜。
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