Abstract
<p>This research intended to examine the effect of mindset, democratic parenting, democratic teaching, and school environment on global citizenship among 2,226 ninth-grade students and 80 social studies teachers from 80 classrooms in public schools. The research instruments included a student questionnaire to measure global citizenship, democratic parenting, fixed and growth mindset, and a teacher questionnaire to measure democratic teaching and school environment and to analyze the data based on multilevel structural equation modeling. The significant findings revealed that democratic parenting and school environment positively affected global citizenship, whereas democratic teaching had a negative effect on global citizenship. In addition, the outstanding students with a growth mindset tend to lead to a positive effect and act as a mediating role through global citizenship than those with outstanding fixed mindset clearly. All factors in the model collaboratively explained the variance of global citizenship accounted for 62.8% and 47.5% at student and classroom levels, respectively. Finally, the discussions and suggestions section suggested the recommendations according to the findings of the research.</p>
Highlights
The globalized world has been a period of rapid global change
Important research findings confirm the importance of democratic parenting, democratic teaching, school environment, and mindset to global citizenship as previously learned
The conclusion can be summarized as; 1) democratic parenting is good for global citizenship, growth mindset, and fixed mindset, 2) democratic teaching has a positive effect on growth mindset, but a negative effect on global citizenship and fixed mindset, 3) school environment affects positively for global citizenship and fixed mindset but negatively affects growth mindset, and 4) growth mindset affects global citizenship more than fixed mindset
Summary
The globalized world has been a period of rapid global change. Since the global population migration, an exchange of thoughts and feelings about things in a borderless world, social awareness at the local, national, and international levels (Damiani, 2018; Holmes, 2019; Reynolds et al, 2019), they allow individuals to recognize that their world is so broad that they can catch up with the changing conditions without the border of each country (Ait-Bouzid, 2020; Karakuş et al, 2017). The modern world is becoming more and more complicated by sharing awareness and allowing more opportunities to live together under different ideas, beliefs, cultures, and traditions through economic growth and changes in the physical environment. Concerning this borderless world, people in each country have the opportunity to recognize, learn, realize and participate in the change of the world in different dimensions. Human beings should be dependent on the world (Ait-Bouzid, 2020; Karakuş et al, 2017)
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