Abstract
Simple SummaryIn aquaculture, the aspect of nutrition is essential for fish health, quality of the products and side effects on economic profitability. In recent years, the interest on natural compounds, as fish health promoters, is exponentially increasing and this is going to support the development of new and balanced commercial diets for aquaculture. Honeybee pollen (HBP) is a good source of bioactive compounds that have demonstrated to have significant beneficial effects on immunity responses in farmed species. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of HBP and its extract on some parameters related to the immune response and quality, in farmed gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Isoenergetic and isoproteic diets were formulated as follows: a control diet (CTR); two diets containing 5% (P5) and 10% (P10) of HBP inclusion; two diets containing HBP extract, obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) (HBP_SFE), at 0.5% (E0.5) and at 1% (E1). The results demonstrated that the diet E1 improved both fish health-related parameters while not impairing fillets quality, suggesting that this level of supplementation could be suitable for gilthead seabream inflammatory responses.The awareness of the correlation between administered diet, fish health and products’ quality has led to the increase in the research for innovative and functional feed ingredients. Herein, a plant-derived product rich in bioactive compounds, such as honeybee pollen (HBP), was included as raw (HBP) and as Supercritical Fluid Extracted (SFE) pollen (HBP_SFE) in the diet for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). The experiment was carried out on 90 fish with an average body weight of 294.7 ± 12.8 g, divided into five groups, according to the administration of five diets for 30 days: control diet (CTR); two diets containing HBP at 5% (P5) and at 10% (P10) level of inclusion; two diets containing HBP_SFE, at 0.5% (E0.5) and at 1% (E1) level of inclusion. Their effects were evaluated on 60 specimens (336.2 ± 11.4 g average final body weight) considering the fish growth, the expression of some hepatic genes involved in the inflammatory response (il-1β, il-6 and il-8) through quantitative real-time PCR, and physico-chemical characterization (namely color, texture, water holding capacity, fatty acid profile and lipid peroxidation) of the fish fillets monitored at the beginning (day 0) and after 110 days of storage at −20 °C. The results obtained showed that the treatment with diet E1 determined the up-regulation of il-1β, il-6, and il-8 (p < 0.05); however, this supplementation did not significantly contribute to limiting the oxidative stress. Nevertheless, no detrimental effect on color and the other physical characteristics was observed. These results suggest that a low level of HBP_SFE could be potentially utilized in aquaculture as an immunostimulant more than an antioxidant, but further investigation is necessary.
Highlights
It is well known that in aquaculture, an optimal nutritional status is essential for fish welfare, quality and economic production [1], and for these reasons the interest in new and balanced commercial diets has grown significantly in recent years [1,2]
Considering all the data obtained in this trial and the growing attention towards animal welfare, we can conclude that the pollen supercritical fluid extract added to the diet for seabream at 1% seemed a promising option due to the positive effect on hepatic expression of inflammatory genes
The research carried out demonstrated that the intrinsic bioactivity of the honeybee pollen was properly extracted by the supercritical fluid technique and exerted its bioactivity in vivo, thanks to some beneficial effects on fish gilthead seabream health
Summary
It is well known that in aquaculture, an optimal nutritional status is essential for fish welfare, quality and economic production [1], and for these reasons the interest in new and balanced commercial diets has grown significantly in recent years [1,2]. Supplementation with natural compounds has proved to be a useful tool to improve health production in the aquaculture industry [3] by minimizing the risk and side effects of synthetic products [4]. Special emphasis has been given to bioactive molecules, plant or medicinal herb derived-products which could improve health status, innate and adaptive immune responses as well as increase the disease resistance in various fish species [6–8]. While acting as anti-stress and anti-infection agents, the use of some plant products in fish diets can promote other positive effects, such as improving growth, weight gain, appetite stimulation, and the early maturation of cultured species [8,9]. Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) shelf life was increased by supplementing the diet with thymol due to the reduction of spoilage and lipid oxidation damages [11]
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