Abstract
Two field experiments were carried out during two successive winter seasons of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 at the Experimental Farm, El Kassasein Horticultural Research Station, Ismailia Governorate, to clarify the effects of different rates of irrigation water ,i.e.( 1300, 1950 and 2600 m3/ fed.) and foliar spray with some safely substances ,i.e.( Potassium chloride at 1% ,Algae extract at 0.3%, Potassium humate at 0.2%, Calcium carbonate at 6% and control treatment) on volatile oil percentage and oil yield per plant of garlic plants (Allium sativum L.) cv. Chinese, grown under sandy soil conditions using drip irrigation system. This work aimed also to study the effect of the abovementioned treatments on garlic plants during storage at different periods; i.e., 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 up to 320 days. Irrigation water quantity at 2600 or 1950 m3/ fed. were the superior treatments which significantly increased volatile oil percentage and oil yield per plant. Aqueous solution of calcium carbonate at 6% and/ or potassium humate at 0.2% as foliar spray had a promotive effect, on volatile oil percentage and oil yield per plant. The interaction between calcium carbonate at 6% and/ or potassium humate at 0.2% and irrigation water quantity at 2600 or 1950 m3/ fed. enhanced volatile oil percentage and oil yield per plant. Regarding storage experiment, the obtained results showed that there were a considerable and a continuous increase in weight loss and sprouting % as the storage period was extended, while TSS% was increased by increasing storage period. Increasing irrigation water up to 2600 m3/fed. significantly increased weight loss and sprouting %, while TSS% was decreased. Foliar application with calcium carbonate at 6% and/ or potassium humate at 0.2% were the superior treatments for increasing TSS% and decreasing weight loss and sprouting percentage. As for the triple interaction treatments, the beast values of weight loss, sprouting and TSS% at the end of storage period were noticed by irrigation with1300 m3/fed. and foliar spray with CaCo3 and/or potassium humate followed by irrigation with 1950 m3/fed. with the same foliar application solutions
Highlights
Cereals constitute one of the most intensely produced and consumed food products in the world
The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of chlopyrifos-methyl, primiphos- methyl and cyfluthrin against S. oryzae and T. castaneum adults, as well as to determine the residue half-life (RL50) values of the three insecticides mentioned above on wheat grain and to deduce the withholding periods needed post-harvest treatment based on RL50
Data recorded in Table (1) showed that, insecticides can be arranged in the following descending order: chlorpyrifosemethyl > pirimiphose-methyl > cyfluthrin against T. castaneum
Summary
Cereals constitute one of the most intensely produced and consumed food products in the world They are an important global product and an important part of the human diet as source of energy and high contents of essential fatty acids, nutritious protein, and dietary fiber; cereals supply important minerals, vitamins, and other micronutrients that are essential for the maintenance of optimal health (Rezaei et al, 2017). There are more than 1100 pesticides currently registered on the status list of all active pesticide substances in the European Union (EU) market. Their risk to human health led to recognition of safety standards, including the allowed Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) of pesticide residues in food products. The organophosphate chlorpyrifos-methyl is commonly used as grain protectant since the 1960s (Samson et al, 1989; Daglish, 1993; Arthur, 1996)
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