Abstract
Two field experiments were carried out during two successive winter seasons of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 at the Experimental Farm, El Kassasein Horticultural Research Station, Ismailia Governorate, to clarify the effects of different rates of irrigation water; i.e., 1300, 1950 and 2600 m3/ fed. and foliar spray with some safely substances; i.e., potassium chloride, algae extract, potassium humate and calcium carbonate in addition to control treatment on growth, bulb quality, yield, water relations as well as leaf pigments and proline amino acid content of garlic plants (Allium sativum L.) cv. Chinese, grown under sandy soil conditions using drip irrigation system. Irrigation water quantity at 2600 or 1950 m3/ fed. were the superior treatments which significantly increased vegetative growth characters, bulb physical characters, total water, free water, water utilization and total yield without significant differences between them in most cases. Meanwhile, chlorophylls, bound water, water economy and proline amino acid content were at their maximum values under water stress (1300 m3/ fed.). Aqueous solution of calcium carbonate at 6% and/ or potassium humate at 0.2% as foliar spray had significant effect, in most cases, on plant growth, bulb physical characters, free water, water economy and total yield without significant differences between them. The interaction between calcium carbonate at 6% and/ or potassium humate at 0.2% and irrigation water quantity at 1950 m3/ fed. enhanced plant growth, bulb physical characters, total water, free water, water economy and total yield.
Highlights
Cereals constitute one of the most intensely produced and consumed food products in the world
The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of chlopyrifos-methyl, primiphos- methyl and cyfluthrin against S. oryzae and T. castaneum adults, as well as to determine the residue half-life (RL50) values of the three insecticides mentioned above on wheat grain and to deduce the withholding periods needed post-harvest treatment based on RL50
Data recorded in Table (1) showed that, insecticides can be arranged in the following descending order: chlorpyrifosemethyl > pirimiphose-methyl > cyfluthrin against T. castaneum
Summary
Cereals constitute one of the most intensely produced and consumed food products in the world They are an important global product and an important part of the human diet as source of energy and high contents of essential fatty acids, nutritious protein, and dietary fiber; cereals supply important minerals, vitamins, and other micronutrients that are essential for the maintenance of optimal health (Rezaei et al, 2017). There are more than 1100 pesticides currently registered on the status list of all active pesticide substances in the European Union (EU) market. Their risk to human health led to recognition of safety standards, including the allowed Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) of pesticide residues in food products. The organophosphate chlorpyrifos-methyl is commonly used as grain protectant since the 1960s (Samson et al, 1989; Daglish, 1993; Arthur, 1996)
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