Abstract
General-purpose Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) sensors perform the image desegregation in three channels (red, green, and blue) as a result of a band-pass wavelength filtering carried out using Foveon or Bayer filters. This characteristic can be used in Optical Camera Communication (OCC) systems for increasing the links’ data rate by introducing Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) or Color Shift Keying (CSK) modulation schemes. However, these techniques need a compensation stage to mitigate the cross-talk between channels introduced by the filters. This compensation is performed by a Channel State Information (CSI) estimation and a zero-forcing compensation scheme. The impact of the temperature effects of light-emitting diode (LED) emissions on the zero-forcing compensation scheme’s performance has not been analyzed in depth. This work presents a comprehensive methodology and experimental characterization of this impact for Foveon and Bayer-based image sensors, assuming that the CSI is estimated under temperature conditions different from the LED’s stationary temperature regime. Besides, Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) and Bit Error Rate (BER) performance metrics are presented in order to estimate the repercussion in an OCC link. The results reveal that the Foveon sensor obtains more unsatisfactory performance than the Bayer-based sensor. On the other hand, the blue band is the most penalized by the thermal effect.
Highlights
IntroductionTechnology based on the use of general-purpose cameras for gathering data from optical sources
Optical Camera Communication (OCC) is an Optical Wireless Communication (OWC)technology based on the use of general-purpose cameras for gathering data from optical sources
It must be noted that the responses are normalized by the maximum value in order to ease the visualization of the aforementioned phenomena, so changes in light-emitting diode (LED) efficiency caused by temperature are not appreciated
Summary
Technology based on the use of general-purpose cameras for gathering data from optical sources. This technology was included in the last revision of the IEEE 802.15.7 standard on Visible Light Communication (VLC) [1], where several physical layer (PHY) transmission modes were defined. OCC has led to several theoretical and experimental works related to Visible Light Positioning (VLP) [6,7], which may lead to a location-aware system feasible for marketing applications. The use of OCC in the environments mentioned above is limited by the link geometry and the camera’s optical system since the maximum achievable data rate in OCC is directly related to the projected size of the light source on the image sensor [8]
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