Abstract
Optical camera communication (OCC) is a technology in which a camera image sensor is employed to receive data bits sent from a light source. OCC has attracted a lot of research interest in the area of mobile optical wireless communication due to the popularity of smartphones with embedded cameras. Moreover, OCC offers high-performance characteristics, including an excellent signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), high security, low interference, and high stability with respect to varying communication distances. Despite these advantages, OCC suffers from several limitations, the primary of which is the low data rate. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the parameters that influence the OCC performance. These parameters include the camera sampling rate, the exposure time, the focal length, the pixel edge length, the transmitter configurations, and the optical flickering rate. In particular, the focus is on enhancing the data rate, SINR, and communication distance, which are the principal factors determining the quality of service experienced by a user. The paper also provides a short survey of modulation schemes used in OCC on the basis of the achieved data rate, communication distance, and possible application scenarios. A theoretical analysis of user satisfaction using OCC is also rendered. Furthermore, we present the simulation results demonstrating OCC performance with respect to variations in the parameters mentioned above, which include the outage probability analysis for OCC.
Highlights
Optical wireless communication (OWC) has recently become a congruent complement of radio-frequency (RF) technologies due to its vast unregulated spectrum, as well as the dense formation of lighting infrastructures in both indoor and outdoor scenarios [1]
Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) cameras integrated into smartphones or mobile robots have become very common in recent years, making
This is because using the on-off keying (OOK) scheme requires the sampling rate to be at least double the light-emitting diodes (LEDs) flickering frequency to satisfy the Nyquist criterion [15]
Summary
Optical wireless communication (OWC) has recently become a congruent complement of radio-frequency (RF) technologies due to its vast unregulated spectrum, as well as the dense formation of lighting infrastructures in both indoor and outdoor scenarios [1]. Due to the nature of camera pixels, an OCC system is less affected by interference than any other OWC technologies These characteristics open up possibilities for the system’s usability in a variety of applications, including vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2X) communications [3,4]. Computer vision techniques can be utilized for accurate LED pattern classification and recognition to increase the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), communication distance, and data rate for OCC. Researchers have been exploring how to increase the maximum communication distance and data rate by introducing new modulation schemes. We focus on key issues related to the quality of service, including data-rate enhancement, SINR improvement, increasing the communication distance, and decreasing BER.
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