Abstract
The aim of this trial was to evaluate the ruminal degradation kinetics of carbohydrates in diets with different roughage:concentrate ratios and dosages of garlic and rosemary essential oils, in order to find the most suitable dosage to supply feedlot lambs. Three roughage:concentrate ratios (50:50, 40:60, and 20:80) and six dosages of garlic and rosemary essential oils (0.0, 0.10, 0.25, 1.0, 1.50, and 2.0 g L−1) were tested. Kinetic parameters for carbohydrate breakdown were estimated using a semi-automated in vitro gas production technique. Ruminal degradation parameters were subjected to variance analysis and then regression analysis at a 5% significance level. There was no interaction between the roughage:concentrate ratios and the dosage of rosemary essential oil. The roughage:concentrate ratios in diets with rosemary oil affected the non-fiber carbohydrate degradation rate (Kdnfc), colonization time (L), gas volume and breakdown rate from the degradation of fiber carbohydrates (Vfc and Kdfc, respectively), and final gas volume of both fiber and non-fiber carbohydrates (Vfinal). Rosemary dosages affected Vnfc and Vfc, which presented a quadratic response with a peak at 0.71 g L−1 and a nip at 1.17 g L−1, respectively. Bacterial colonization time was quadratic, reaching a maximum value at 1.18 g L−1. Vfinal showed a decreasing linear trend, such that each gram of rosemary essential oil added to the diet could reduce gas production by 30.312 mL. Therefore, rosemary essential oil has an effect on carbohydrate degradation kinetics. There was no interaction between roughage:concentrate ratios and different garlic oil dosages, except for colonization time. Roughage:concentrate ratios with garlic oil had affected the Vnfc, Kdnfc, and L. Garlic oil dosages affected Vfc and Vfinal in a quadratic manner, with the lowest values of gas production at 1.35 and 1.54 g L−1, respectively. L was affected by the garlic oil dosage and roughage:concentrate ratios in a decreasing linear trend for a 50:50 ratio and quadratic response for a 40:60 ratio, peaking at 0.14 g L−1. Based on these in vitro results, a ruminal content of 1.0 g L−1 is recommended for both rosemary and garlic essential oils.
Highlights
Finishing in sheep production has been widely discussed in recent years due to its importance in providing quality to meet consumer demand (Bettencourt et al, 2020)
There was no interaction between rosemary oil dosage in experimental diets and roughage:concentrate ratios (P > 0.05), but there was an effect (P < 0.05) of roughage:concentrate ratios (Table 3) and rosemary oil dosage (Figure 1) on the degradation kinetics of carbohydrates
Garlic oil did not present any interaction between roughage:concentrate ratios and dosage fed to animals (P > 0.05), except for the time of colonization (Figure 3)
Summary
Finishing in sheep production has been widely discussed in recent years due to its importance in providing quality to meet consumer demand (Bettencourt et al, 2020). In order to intensify this production phase, there are alternatives to modulate ruminal fermentation, leading to a reduction of metabolic disorders and gas production that causes energy loss through eructation. These strategies can be performed by reducing metabolic H+ available to methanogenesis with alternative reducers to eliminate H+ (Bodas et al, 2012). Since 2006 the European Union, through regulation 1831/2003/EC (Comissão Europeia, 2003) banned antibiotics and other synthetic additives that promote growth in animal nutrition, and prohibited meat from animals that had been fed with such additives. Secondary plant metabolites, such as essential oils, have been presenting great potential due to their selective antibacterial activity, as well as antioxidative and anti-free radical properties (Matkowski et al, 2008)
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