Abstract
Painful stimuli are known to engage an endorphin analgesic system that can be reversed by the opiate antagonist, naloxone. Naloxone, then, should increase the effectiveness of aversive unconditioned stimuli (USs) in Pavlovian fear conditioning. Consistent with this hypothesis, naloxone administered during the acquisition of conditioned suppression in rats enhanced posttrial suppression and preconditioned stimulus (pre-CS; context-controlled) suppression. Furthermore, it enhanced CS-elicited suppression during extinction when administered during acquisition but not when administered only during extinction. Thus naloxone does not enhance an already existing fear nor enhance the memory of previous conditioning; instead, it enhances the conditioning of fear presumably by making the aversive US more painful.
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