Effect of Carbonization Temperature on Properties of Char from Canarium schweinfhurthii (Atili) Seed Shell.

The study investigates the effect of carbonization temperature of palm kernel shell (PKS) biomass, with a view to obtaining char suitable for electrode material. Char were obtained from palm kernel shell by carbonization at temperatures of 600, 800, 1000 and 1150 °C under inert condition for 60 mins each. The effect of carbonization temperature on proximate and ultimate, electrical conductivity, structural and morphological properties was investigated using the ASTM standard method for examination of coal and coke, elemental analyzer, four-point probe, x-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The proximate analysis results showed the char yield to decrease from 29.68 % to 25.27 % as the temperature increases from 600 °C to 1150 °C. While the fixed carbon content in the raw sample was found as 22.22 %, it increases to 73.02 % in char obtained at 600 °C with highest value of 87.45 % obtained at 1150 °C. The volatile matter and moisture content values reduces with increase in temperature. An increase in carbonization temperature, also led to increase in elemental carbon content as well as improved electrical conductivity from 5.56 x 10-8 S/cm to 7.67 x 10-2 S/cm. Evidence of aromaticity and crystallinity towards graphitization was found from the FTIR and XRD analysis results. The results of electrical conductivity and XRD suggest possible use of the char obtained at 1150 °C for electrode material.

Carbon fibers with diameters ranging from 8.1 and 12.7 µm were produced using a commercially available meta-aramid precursor after oxidation and carbonization steps. The carbonization process was performed using a single-step procedure between 500 and 1100 °C. The effect of temperature on the structure and properties of carbon fibers was investigated in detail. The process of carbonization was examined using several characterization techniques including fiber diameter, mass yield, density, elemental analysis, mechanical property testing and electrical property measurements. Structural transformations were followed and monitored using X-ray diffraction, IR and Raman spectroscopy techniques. The results suggested that the mass yield reached a value of 40.4 % at a heating temperature of 1100 °C. Density, carbon content, mechanical properties and electrical conductivity values increased and hydrogen and nitrogen contents decreased with an increase in temperature. Analysis of the X-ray diffraction traces of carbon fibers suggested broadening of the (002) and (100) diffraction planes which was attributed to the formation of an amorphous carbon structure. The IR spectra showed, at temperatures of 500 °C and above, initial weakening and eventual disappearance of the major amide bands (amide I, II, III and IV) due to the loss of hydrogen bonds between the polymer chains indicating the partial removal of nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen atoms during the carbonization reactions. The analysis of Raman spectra demonstrated that the positions and the peak widths of the G- and D-bands showed great dependence on treatment temperature. The mechanical properties of the carbon fibers showed strong dependence on heat-treatment temperature, porosity and gage length. Temperature and gage length showed a significant effect on the tensile strength values obtained after each treatment temperature. A marked increase was observed in tensile strength values after extrapolation to 1 mm, which increased from 186 to 589 MPa with carbonization up to 1100 °C. Tensile modulus values were affected by both temperature and porosity and reached a value of 81 GPa at 1100 °C. Porosity correction caused an enhancement in tensile modulus values between 21 and 33.5 %. SEM images of carbon fibers demonstrated the presence of structural imperfections confirming the results obtained from the porosity measurements.

The study Investigate the effect of carbonization temperature on properties of coconut shell. The carbonization was carried out at 600, 800, 1000 and 1150°C temperatures for 1 hour under inert condition. The derived chars were proximately, ultimately and structurally analyzed. The results show that there was a significant change in the volatile matter, fixed carbon percentage, elemental C and its functional group as temperature increases. The moisture content and percentage yield decrease with increasing temperature. The morphological characterization of the materials shows fibrous nature of the raw samples while the char products show developed pores which are suitable for adsorption, movement of electrolyte ions and reduced diffusion resistance. The electrical properties of char improved from 3.52 x10-8 to 6.78 x10-2 S/cm as temperature increases from 600°C to 1150°C. results from X-ray diffractometer analysis showed improved graphitic properties; which suggest a possible use of the char samples particular the PKS1150 in electrode fabrication material. Â

A series of experiments have been conducted to study the effects of different carbonization temperature (850, 900 and 950 ℃) on the abrasive wear behaviour of carbonized rice husk char epoxy composite. The wear behaviour was studied using a pin-on-disc machine against 400 grit size abrasive paper. All the tests were carried out at room temperature under 5, 10, 15 and 20 N normal loads. The effect of carbonization temperature and normal load on the abrasive wear of composite was investigated. The results show that the wear behaviour of pure epoxy improved considerable with the incorporation of carbonized char. It is also found that carbonization temperature of 950 ℃ for 30 wt.% of fibre gives the optimum wear resistance for the composite under study. The worn surface morphology was studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM) to analyse the wear mechanism in different types of developed composites.

A major challenge in systems biology lies in the integration of processes occurring at different levels, such as transcription, translation, and metabolism, to understand the functioning of a living cell in its environment. We studied the high temperature-induced glycolytic flux increase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and investigated the regulatory mechanisms underlying this increase. We used glucose-limited chemostat cultures to separate regulatory effects of temperature from effects on growth rate. Growth at increased temperature (38 degrees C versus 30 degrees C) resulted in a strongly increased glycolytic flux, accompanied by a switch from respiration to a partially fermentative metabolism. We observed an increased flux through all enzymes, ranging from 5- to 10-fold. We quantified the contributions of direct temperature effects on enzyme activities, the gene expression cascade and shifts in the metabolic network, to the increased flux through each enzyme. To do this we adapted flux regulation analysis. We show that the direct effect of temperature on enzyme kinetics can be included as a separate term. Together with hierarchical regulation and metabolic regulation, this term explains the total flux change between two steady states. Surprisingly, the effect of the cultivation temperature on enzyme catalytic capacity, both directly through the Arrhenius effect and indirectly through adapted gene expression, is only a moderate contribution to the increased glycolytic flux for most enzymes. The changes in flux are therefore largely caused by changes in the interaction of the enzymes with substrates, products, and effectors.

The effects of carbonization temperature on pore development in palm-shell-based activated carbon

Effects of carbonization temperatures on characteristics of porosity in coconut shell chars and activated carbons derived from carbonized coconut shell chars

Nitrogen-doped porous carbons (NPC) prepared by direct carbonization of nitrogen-containing polymer were investigated as the counter electrode of dye-sensitized solar cells. The effect of carbonization temperature on the electrocatalytic performance of NPC electrode was discussed. The nitrogen content reasonably decreased with the increase of carbonization temperature for NPC samples. However, the electrocatalytic activity of NPC electrode did not follow the same trend. As carbonization temperature increased from 700 to 800 °C, the charge-transfer resistance of NPC electrode decreased from 8.07 to 1.77 Ω cm2. With further increasing carbonization temperature from 800 to 900 °C, the charge-transfer resistance of NPC electrode increased from 1.77 to 5.08 Ω cm2. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis identified three kinds of nitrogen in as-prepared NPC, including pyridinic, pyrrolic, and quaternary nitrogen. With the increase of carbonization temperature, the content of pyridinic and pyrrolic nitrogen decreased, while the content of quaternary nitrogen increased. Pyridinic and pyrrolic nitrogen could create the electrocatalytic active sites in NPC, while quaternary nitrogen could improve the electron transfer through NPC. Therefore, the proper ratio among different nitrogen states has a significant effect on the electrolcatalytic activity of NPC. The NPC prepared at moderate carbonization temperature of 800 °C exhibited a superior electrolcatalytic activity because it possessed both relatively higher content of pyridinic nitrogen and higher content of quaternary nitrogen.

In developing countries’ socio-environmental background, fossil fuel use is evolving at the same time as deforestation, resulting in desertification and global warming. There is an urgent need to find alternative sustainable and environmentally friendly sources such as biomass briquettes. This study aims to analyse the effect of densification temperature on characteristics of biomass briquettes produced from rice husks. The densification temperatures applied to each production run varied from 0 to 350°C with an increment of 50°C in a heating screw press. Physical and proximal analysis of briquettes produced at each stage of temperature is done in order to determine bulk density, moisture content, Ash content, volatile matter according to NF standard. A statistical analysis was applied in order model the relationship between briquettes’ characteristics and densification temperature. Interpretation of correlation coefficients (0,98) shows that there is a strong correlation between densification temperature and briquette density. As temperature increases, density also increases. However, the correlation (r = 0,44) between densification temperature and ash content is very low, and there is no significant impact.

Abstract. Waste tyre pyrolysis is a viable technology to convert tyres into useful products such as pyrolysis oil, fuel and gas. Most of the research focus on investigating the effect of pyrolysis operating parameters on the oil product. With the increasing applications of the solid char produced, it is found that no detailed investigation on the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the char yield and properties. Thus, this project is aimed to determine the effect of pyrolysis temperature on tyre- derived char yield and properties. A total of three char samples were produced from rubber crumb, namely Char400, Char550 and Char700, corresponding to their pyrolysis temperature at 400°C, 550°C and 700°C respectively. Rubber crumb and these 3 char samples were sent to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Elemental analysis of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur (CHNS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis for characterization purposes. It was found that increasing temperature from 400°C to 700°C led to significant char yield reduction from 76% to 36.25%. In terms of composition, Char400 has additional alkane and phenol functional groups indicating the main constituents in rubber crumb did not decompose completely at low temperatures. Furthermore, char produced at higher temperatures has lower carbon content, higher sulphur content, higher specific surface area, lower average pore width and more structured surface morphology. Overall, temperature affects char yield and properties significantly.

Characteristics and microstructure of wood charcoal change dependently upon the carbonization conditions. Hinoki (Cypress, Chamaecy paris obtuse) was carbonized at 400°C, 600°C, 800°C and 1000°C for 1h in nitrogen gas flow. Charcoals were analyzed with adsorption isotherms of nitrogen, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, electrical resistivity and Raman spectroscopy in order to investigate about the effect of the carbonization temperature on the structure of the charcoal. Increase of the carbonization temperature developed formation of micropores of the charcoal. From result of Raman spectroscopy, it was found that the crystal structure of the charcoal remarkably changed in the temperature range between 600°C and 800°C.

Interactive effects of pore size control and carbonization temperatures on supercapacitive behaviors of porous carbon/carbon nanotube composites

The effect of carbonization temperature on the structure and properties of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide)- based carbon fibers from commercially available Twaron00AE; (PPTA) presursor is reported. Turbostratic PPTA-based carbon fibers were produced using a single step procedure in an inert atmosphere at temperatures ranging from 600 to 1100 °C. In the present study, fiber diameter, mass yield, density, elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, tensile testing and electrical conductivity measurements were performed and evaluated to follow and monitor the properties and structural transformations of carbon fibers with rising temperature. The increase of heat-treatment temperature to 1100 °C. decreased the interlayer d-spacing (d002) and increased the in-plane size (La) and thickness (Lc) of the graphene layers. The intensity ratios of D to G bands in the Raman spectra increased with rising temperature, suggesting, in agreement with the X-ray diffraction measurements, that the in-plane size (La) of the graphene planes increased with temperature. The density, carbon content, C/H ratio, apparent crystallite size (La and Lc), electrical conductivity and tensile properties of the resultant carbon fibers were enhanced with rising temperature. It has been shown that the gage length of the carbon fibers tested has a significant effect on the tensile strength obtained. After taking into account the effects of gage length and porosity dependence, the carbonization of PPTA precursor fibers prepared at 1100 °C. gave a tensile strength of 191 MPa and a tensile modulus of 83 GPa, respectively.

High-purity Li2CO3was purified and prepared by carbonation decomposition method using industrial Li2CO3as raw material. The effects of carbonation temperature on the purity, productivity and the removal of impurities containing Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu and Ni in purification process were investigated. The results shown that high carbonation temperature didnt benefit the purity and productivity of Li2CO3. The content of Mg decreased with the increase of carbonation temperature. The other impurities, such as Ca, Fe, Cu and Ni, had no obvious change with the increase of carbonation temperature. The optimum carbonation temperature was determined as 25°C.

This study investigated the effects of bamboo age, bamboo parts, and pyrolysis temperatures on the physiochemical properties of bamboo char throughout a series of pyrolysis processes spanning from 150 °C to 1000 °C. The results indicated that as the pyrolysis temperature increased from 150 °C to 500 °C, the yield of bamboo char experienced a rapid decline, settling at a maximum of 69%, with no significant impact from bamboo age and parts. Subsequently, as the pyrolysis temperature continued to rise from 500 °C to 1000 °C, the yield stabilized at 25.74–32.64%. Besides, fixed carbon (FC), volatile matter (VM), and ash content were temperature-dependent, while the H/C, O/C, (N + O)/C, and aromatic index kept constant after reaching 500 °C. Notably, 800 °C was confirmed to be a crucial turning point for physiochemical properties, at which the graphitic structural changes occurred, pore collapsed, and potassium salts released. Bamboo age was proved to enhance the stability. Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) analysis revealed that the pyrolysis temperature was positively correlated (p < 0.01) with ash (0.76), FC (0.97), AI (0.81), R50 (0.77), and C–C/C = C/C–H (0.87). Conversely, negative correlations (p < 0.01) were observed with VM (−0.91), O/C (0.88), H/C (−0.95), (N + O)/C (−0.87), C loss (−0.79), and labile organic-C (−0.78). Additionally, bamboo age was negatively correlated (p < 0.01) with C loss (−0.40), volatile organic-C (−0.63), labile organic-C (−0.45), and recalcitrant organic-C (−0.40), but positively associated with R50 (0.54), refractory organic-C (0.42), and inorganic-C (0.52). Bamboo parts did not exhibit significant correlations with char properties.Graphical