Editor's Introduction

The history of an aesthetic sensibility that began with Op Art and album covers; with more than seventy-five stunning color images. This eye-popping book offers a visual history of the sensibility. In pop culture, that sensibility is associated with lava lamps, album covers, and teashades, but it first manifested itself in the extreme colors and kaleidoscopic compositions of 1960s Op Artists. The sensibility didn't die at the end of the 1960s; Psychedelic traces it through the day-glo colors of painters Peter Saul, Alex Grey, and Kenny Scharf, the pill and hemp leaf paintings of Fred Tomaselli, the intensified palettes of Douglas Bourgeois and Sharon Ellis, and mixed-media and new media works by younger artists in the new millennium. Although the term psychedelic was coined to describe hallucinatory experiences produced by drugs used psychotherapeutically, the story these images tell is about the influence of culture on the art world-not necessarily the influence of drugs. As contemporary art evolved into a diverse and pluralistic discipline, the evolved into a language of color and light. In Psychedelic, more than seventy-five vivid color images chart this development, exploring the art chronologically, from early Op Art through recent work using digital technology. The book, which accompanies an exhibition organized by the San Antonio Museum of Art, includes three essays that set the works in historical and cultural context. Artists include Isaac Abrams, Albert Alvarez, Richard Anuszkiewicz, Chio Aoshima, Kamrooz Aram, Jeremy Blake, Richie Budd, Gordon Cheung, Judy Chicago, George Cisneros, James Cobb, Steve DiBenedetto, Carole Feuerman, Jack Goldstein, Alex Grey, Peter Halley, Al Held, Mark Hogensen, Constance Lowe, Erik Parker, Ed Paschke, Lari Pittman, Ray Rapp, Deborah Remington, Bridget Riley, Susie Rosmarin, Alex Rubio, Sterling Ruby, Julian Stanczak, Jennifer Steinkamp, Frank Stella, Philip Taaffe, Barbara Takenaga, Fred Tomaselli, Victor Vasarely, Michael Velliquette, Andy Warhol, Robert Williams Essays by David S. Rubin, Robert C. Morgan, Daniel Pinchbeck Copublished with the San Antonio Museum of Art

In the philosophy of language, a separation has traditionally been made between the semantics, syntax and pragmatics of language. In this respect, Wittgenstein’s thinking went through a quite radical transformation as he moved from the Tractatus into Philosophical Investigations. The “later” Wittgenstein was strongly polemic about the conventional way to understand language as a combination of names. One of his best-known examples was St. Augustine’s story about learning language as a child. St. Augustine seems to state that he learned the meaning of words from the way adults used words by pointing at objects (ostensio) and making sounds in different ways. He learned to understand how individual words were the names of certain objects. Learning a language was thus based on naming.KeywordsPrimary LanguageIndividual WordFamily ResemblancePhilosophical InvestigationForeign CultureThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Remote sensing is one of the most rapidly developing scientific technical fields in the late 20th century, which is characteristic of macro-lawexploring and micro-truthseeking. However, how to transfer the technical strategies of eyes-based interpreting to the automatic classification of remote sensing images is the main research direction of remote sensing application, thus making land use survey more objective, RS technology more quantified, and the attainment of land use messages more quick. Owing to the varied landforms and diversified land use in Southwest China, this paper aims at the establishment of a complete set of technical strategies and methods by the application of RS image automatic classification in a wide range of land use survey. Organically combining unsupervised classification and supervised classification, outside survey and expert knowledge, it will greatly improve the operating easiness and classification accuracy.

This chapter explores the transformation in research on spoken French that has taken place over the last fifty years. After an overview of the evolution of theoretical, methodological, and analytical tools (including the development and exploitation of digitized annotated corpora), the chapter discusses the nature and range of the research that has yielded new insights into our understanding of spoken French, including work on the morphology, syntax, phonology, lexis, sociolinguistics, and pragmatics of the spoken language. Two case studies (on dislocation and tense switching involving the narrative present) demonstrate the impact of new theories and methods on the way in which we approach particular phenomena and on our understanding of how spoken French operates, including a discussion of problematic and/or challenging issues. The chapter concludes by pointing to potential areas for future research.

This research is a discriminative analysis of conversational dialogues involving individuals suffering from dementia of Alzheimer's type. Several metric analyses are applied to the transcripts of the Carolina Conversation Corpus in order to determine if there are significant statistical differences between individuals with and without Alzheimer's disease. Our prior research suggests that there exist measurable linguistic differences between managed-care residents diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and their caregivers. This paper presents results comparing managed-care residents diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease to other managed-care residents. Results from the analysis indicate that part-of-speech and lexical richness statistics may not be good distinguishing attributes. However, go-ahead utterances and certain fluency measures provide defensible means of differentiating the linguistic characteristics of spontaneous speech between individuals that are and are not diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Two machine learning algorithms were able to classify the speech of individuals with and without dementia of the Alzheimer's type with accuracy up to 80%.

The main objective of a course in programming language concepts and paradigms is to introduce the future engineer to the syntax, semantics and pragmatics of programming languages. The emphasis is not put upon a particular language but on the ability to analyse any new one. Thus, an important goal of this kind of course is to furnish the student with critical thinking related to programming languages and programs. Nevertheless, it was very difficult to achieve this goal when a traditional format was used. During the last terms we tried a different format, based on active and cooperative learning. Students work in teams and each team specialises in one language (usually new for them) through the entire course. When new concepts are introduced they confront "their" language with these concepts. They are also invited to look for innovative characteristics in their languages. Each team communicates these explorations through papers, oral expositions and debates.

This article discusses some ideas regarding the second-language education at the kindergarten for migrant workers children. The ideas are based on opinions about the nature of the second-language-learning process and on the results of a small experiment on the usage of Dutch by foreign children. It is argued that there are a lot of similarities between the first- and the second-language-learning processes. In the first-language-learning process the parents present the child with a kind of hidden curriculum which facilitates the acquisi-tion of the syntax, semantics and pragmatics of a language. The basic characteristics of this hidden curriculum can also be used for a second-language curriculum for foreign children in the kindergarten.

Analytic philosophy of language was originally based on a fundamentally disembodied view of meaning and language. In contrast, research in cognitive linguistics and neuroscience emphasizes the central role of the body and brain in shaping meaning, concepts, and thought. Meaning is not, in the first instance, linguistic. Instead, language depends on and recruits prior sensory, motor, and affective processes. This article surveys some of the more important embodied structures and processes of meaning-making that give rise to the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of natural languages. This includes body-part projections, perceptual concepts, image schemas, emotions, body-based grammatical constructions, and conceptual metaphors, as those are understood from the perspective of simulation semantics, embodied construction grammar, and the neural theory of language. In addition to the four Es of cognition—embodied, embedded, enactive, extended—we need to add three more Es—emotional, evolutionary, and exaptative.

As the opportunity to contact with related areas has increased, the study of of the experimental analysis of behavior has experienced revolutionary changes. Some of the most active and important areas-studies of choice, comparative cognition, and human language--are reviewed to acquaint readers. Studies of CHOICE have linked to the molar theories of behavioral economics and behavioral ecology, which promoted research of choice by animals under uncertainty conditions. Further approach has been made to integrate the molar and molecular analyses on the basis of the ideas of behavior dynamics. COMPARATIVE COGNITION is a part of a larger field including cognitive science, behavioral neuroscience, and biological science. Recent developments, aided with a comparative perspective, made significant contributions to our understanding of the phylogeny and ontogeny of cognition. Advances in analysis of human behavior provided tools to study behavioral aspects of semantics, syntax, and pragmatics of HUMAN LANGUAGE. Using the paradigm of stimulus equivalence, the emergence of stimulus relations, stimulus-stimulus networks, hierarchical structure of verbal behavior, and other language-related behaviors have been investigated.

The linguistic analysis of English transport terminology offers a comprehensive examination of the language used to describe various aspects of transportation. This research delves into the morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of transportation-related language, exploring how words are formed, structured, interpreted, and used in communication within the transport sector. This article provides an overview of the linguistic analysis of English transport terminology’, highlighting its significance in understanding how language shapes and reflects out-perceptions, practices, and policies in the field of transportation.

The rapidly evolving interdisciplinary field of Logic, Language and Information (LLI) treats a variety of topics, ranging from knowledge representation to the syntax, semantics and pragmatics of natural language. Moreover, it does so from a variety of perspectives. However, one word more than any other gives the flavour of much contemporary work in LLI: dynamics. The purpose of this chapter is twofold. First, we give an impression of what LLI is and why dynamics plays such a fundamental role there. Second, we relate the study of dynamics to relation algebra. The essential point that will emerge is that many LLI approaches to dynamics can be naturally viewed as explorations of fragments of relation algebra via their set-theoretic representations.

This volume delves into the relationships and limits existing between the syntax, morphology, lexicon, semantics and pragmatics of the Spanish language. Tackling each a specific issue, the ten contributions draw on solid linguistic arguments, which proves their scientific value and will undoubtedly inspire more research in this field.

Asian Languages and Linguistics aims to enhance high-quality research on the description and theoretical analysis of languages throughout Asia. The journal encourages submissions from a wide range of topics, including but not limited to the following:• Theoretical research on the syntax, semantics, phonology, morphology, and pragmatics of any Asian language, and the interface studies such as syntax-semantics interface and morphology-phonology interface. • Typological research based on empirical data or theoretical analysis (following any framework) on the structural diversities and cross-linguistic variations among Asian languages or between Asian languages and other languages. • Diachronic research based on a careful investigation of Asian languages data that contribute to the theory or methodology of historical linguistics, as well as interdisciplinary study which links historical linguistics to corpus-based research, language variation, typology, etc. • Cross-disciplinary research between linguistics and philosophy, psychology, language processing, etc. that contributes to the understanding of Asian languages. Contributions from a comparative or typological perspective are especially welcome.

For the last 15 years, we have taught an elective course on programming language concepts and paradigms whose main objective has been to introduce the future professional to the syntax, semantics and pragmatics of programming languages, with the goal of furnishing the student with critical thinking related to paradigms of programming and programming languages. To achieve this goal, the course's format is based on the notion of “reflection-in-action” proposed by Schon for the education of future reflective professionals. In order to measure the impact of this course on the professional activity of our graduates, we conducted a survey inquiring former students on how the concepts learnt benefited their professional lives. This paper presents a description of the course and the results of that survey, which shows that this approach is a good step towards the development of a reflective technology practitioner.

This paper investigates first language (L1) influence on the acquisition of syntax and discourse pragmatics in a second language (L2) in essays written by advanced learners of German from Sweden, China and Belarus (the KobaltDaF Corpus). The control corpus consists of essays written by native German speakers. The study focuses on the clause-initial preverbal position of V2 declaratives, the so-called prefield (Vorfeld) and the Vor-Vorfeld. The results show that the language-specific information structural patterns that exist in the L1 have an impact on the L2. The forms and frequencies of prefield constituent types differ substantially from the target language, indicating transfer in a domain other than pure syntax. The learners start their sentences in a nonnative way. Even though Swedish and German are closely related languages, the results show, contrary to what is expected, that Chinese learners produce patterns that are more targetlike. In addition, implications of these findings for language teaching are discussed.