Abstract
Thymus (Lamiaceae) is famous for its pharmacological properties. Thymus daenensis Celak (Avishan-e-denaee in Persian) is an endemic Thymus species in Iran and is traditionally used for its digestive, carminative, antitussive, antispasmodic, and expectorant attributes in folk medicine. Ecotypic oils were extracted and analyzed with the GC-MS. Their biological properties in terms of antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antigenotoxic activities were evaluated using the minimal inhibitory concentration, minimal bactericidal concentration, and DPPH, β-carotene, and comet assays. The GC-MS results for Thymus daenensis Celak oils revealed thymol (73.86%) and carvacrol (51.89%) as the most abundant components. Due to the results, reasonable bactericidal activity values range from 0.14 to 5.00 mg/ml, and fungicidal activity ranges from 0.17 to 0.58 mg/ml. The necessary oil free radical scavenging capacity (0.41–1.79 mg/ml), bleaching inhibitory activity (0.01–1.06 mg/ml), and genoprotective potential (1.04–7.78 mg/ml) indicated the dose-dependent activity. The results suggest that Thymus daenensis is an important antibacterial and antifungal bioresource. Additionally, the antioxidant and radical scavenging capacity suggests this species has a role as a natural preservative in oxidative diseases and in the prevention of food spoilage.
Highlights
Essential oils are complex natural and aromatic compounds, which are derived from different parts of the plant using extraction, fermentation, expression, and steam distillation
At the first step of this study, we focused on the T. daenensis essential oil (EO)-mediated antimicrobial, antioxidative, and antigenotoxic behaviors. en, climate and altitude effects on the EOs’ composition of ecotypic T. daenensis and their biological diversity were investigated
Different morphological analyses of ymus daenensis ecotypes indicated a microenvironmental conditions distinct effect including altitude, humidity, and temperature on the plant height and the total dry matter. is flowering plant is growing up to 35 cm tall with short trichomes on its leaves. e isolation process yields the yellowish oil with different productivity (0.36–0.86% v/w), based on the ymus geographical origins
Summary
Essential oils are complex natural and aromatic compounds, which are derived from different parts of the plant using extraction, fermentation, expression, and steam distillation. Ymus is an aromatic plant that contains monoterpenoid essential oils in its leaves and floral parts, similar to most species of the Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Previous research has focused on the EOmediated biomedical activities of other species of ymus including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and to less extent their antigenotoxic effects [4, 5]. Earlier studies highlighted the climate fluctuations influence on the EOs’ composition of ecotypic ymus kotschanus and as well examined biological variety quantitatively in their antimicrobial, antioxidative, and antigenotoxic behaviors [7]. At the first step of this study, we focused on the T. daenensis EO-mediated antimicrobial, antioxidative, and antigenotoxic behaviors. En, climate and altitude effects on the EOs’ composition of ecotypic T. daenensis and their biological diversity were investigated. In addition to the antimicrobial activity, the antioxidant and antigenotoxic activities were reported
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