Abstract
Transfer of radionuclides (232Th and 238U) and associated metals (As, Cd, Pb and Cr) from soil to free-living earthworm species was investigated in a thorium (232Th) rich area in Norway. Sampling took place within former mining sites representing the technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (TENORM), at undisturbed site with unique bedrock geology representing the naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) and at site outside the 232Th rich area taken as reference Background site. Soil analysis revealed the elevated levels of investigated elements at NORM and TENORM sites. Based on sequential extraction, uranium (238U) and cadmium (Cd) were quite mobile, while the other elements were strongly associated with mineral components of soil. Four investigated earthworm species (Aporrectodea caliginosa, Aporrectodea rosea, Dendrodrilus rubidus and Lumbricus rubellus) showed large individual variability in the accumulation of radionuclides and metals. Differences in uptake by epigeic and endogeic species, as well as differences within same species from the NORM, TENORM and Background sites were also seen. Based on total concentrations in soil, the transfer factors (TF) were in ranges 0.03–0.08 and 0.09–0.25, for 232Th and 238U, respectively. TFs for lead (Pb), chromium (Cr) and arsenic (As) were low (less than 0.5), while TFs for Cd were higher (about 10).Using the ERICA tool, the estimated radiation exposure dose rate of the earthworms ranged from 2.2 to 3.9μGy/h. The radiological risk for investigated earthworms was low (0.28).The obtained results demonstrated that free-living earthworm species can survive in soil containing elevated 232Th and 238U, as well As, Cd, Pb and Cr levels, although certain amount of radionuclides was accumulated within their bodies.The present investigation contributes to general better understanding of complex soil-to-biota transfer processes of radionuclides and metals and to assessment of risk for non-human species in the ecosystem with multiple contaminants.
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