Naturally occurring radioactive material: A modeled approach for professional education courses in radiology

Abstract

Natural radioactivity is a characteristic present in several materials in the Earth's crust, known as Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM). These materials include minerals such as uraninite, which contains uranium and other radioactive elements, and are widely distributed in nature. With the advancement of industrial exploration, especially in mining and oil and gas extraction, Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM) emerge, which result from industrial processes that increase their concentration or radioactive activity. This study aims to analyze the presence and management of these materials, highlighting their importance in radiological and environmental safety. Proper management of NORM and TENORM is essential to prevent risks to human health and the environment. Uraninite, for example, is a significant source of uranium used in nuclear energy production, a process that transforms NORM into TENORM through activities such as mining and processing. The literature review carried out in this study highlights the diversity of sources and forms of NORM and TENORM around the world, evidencing its presence in various industrial sectors such as metal mining, oil extraction, fertilizer production and civil construction. Each sector presents specific challenges for the management and safe disposal of these materials, requiring the rigorous application of regulatory standards and radiological protection techniques. Professionals in the field of radiology play a fundamental role in the application of these standards, ensuring the safety of workers and the general population in the face of exposure to NORM and TENORM. The dissemination of knowledge about these materials is crucial to train professionals and students in the safe and effective handling of these substances, ensuring that industrial practices are conducted with environmental responsibility and adequate radiological protection. In summary, the study emphasizes the importance of understanding and applying the concepts of NORM and TENORM in modern industry, highlighting the challenges and best practices for the management of these materials, aiming to protect human health and preserve the environment.