Abstract
In this paper, ultrasonic attenuation of the transverse waves of engineering materials is evaluated, covering metals, ceramics, polymers, fiber-reinforced plastics, and rocks. After verifying experimental methods, 273 measurements are conducted and their results are tabulated. Fifty of the tests are for the longitudinal mode. Attenuation behavior is determined over broadband spectra. The attenuation spectra are characterized in four patterns, with 2/3 of the tests showing linear frequency dependence and another ¼ linear spectrum plus Rayleigh scattering (Mason-McSkimin relation). The longitudinal and transverse damping factors varied from 0.004 to 0.065, which are 1/3 to 5 times those of polymethyl methacrylate, suggesting that almost all the engineering materials tested may be viscoelastic. The present test results make the term dynamic viscosity more appropriate for exploring the underlying processes. The observed results were compared between the longitudinal and transverse modes and among similar material types. In more than a half of the tests, the transverse attenuation coefficients were higher than the corresponding longitudinal attenuation coefficients by 1.5× or more. Some material groups had similar attenuation coefficients for the two modes. Since the physical basis for viscous damping is hardly understood, especially in hard solids, further studies from new angles are keenly desired. This collection of new attenuation data will be of value for such works. Practically, this will assist in materials selection and in designing structural health monitoring and non-destructive inspection protocols.
Highlights
Dynamic viscosity and attenuation of elastic waves have been studied for a long time in geophysics, ultrasonics, and polymer physics [1,2,3,4]
to acoustic difference method 2 (TDM-2) was used for all the samples, and transmission difference method 1 (TDM-1) was used for 1020 steel
TDM-2 was used for all the samples, and TDM-1 was used attenuation, Cof in the range
Summary
Dynamic viscosity and attenuation of elastic waves have been studied for a long time in geophysics, ultrasonics, and polymer physics [1,2,3,4]. The frequency range of interest is below 10 Hz in seismology, above 20 kHz in ultrasonics, and from 20 mHz to 20 MHz in polymer physics. Dynamic mechanical analysis methods determine the storage (or elastic), loss (or viscous), and complex (E*) moduli, as a function of frequency, temperature, or time [5]. These are especially useful for polymers and fiber reinforced plastics.
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