Abstract
In this paper, ultrasonic attenuation of engineering materials is evaluated comprehensively, covering metals, ceramics, polymers, fiber-reinforced composites, wood, and rocks. After verifying two reliable experimental methods, 336 measurements are conducted and their results are tabulated. Attenuation behavior is determined over broadband spectra, extending up to 15 MHz in low attenuating materials. The attenuation spectra are characterized in combination with four power law terms, with many showing linear frequency dependence, with or without Rayleigh scattering. Dislocation damping effects are re-evaluated and a new mechanism is proposed to explain some of the linear frequency dependencies. Additionally, quadratic and cubic dependencies due to Datta–Kinra scattering and Biwa scattering, respectively, are used for some materials to construct model relations. From many test results, some previously hidden behaviors emerged upon data evaluation. Effects of cold working, tempering, and annealing are complex and sometimes contradictory. Comparison to available literature was attempted for some, but most often prior data were unavailable. This collection of new attenuation data will be of value in materials selection and in designing structural health monitoring and non-destructive inspection protocols.
Highlights
Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods based on stress wave propagation have contributed to quality assurance and failure prevention in many industries [1,2,3]
The methods include ultrasonic testing (UT), which uses active interrogation of target components, and acoustic emission (AE) testing, which relies primarily on “acoustic” signals emitted from the target
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Summary
Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods based on stress wave propagation have contributed to quality assurance and failure prevention in many industries [1,2,3]. For unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites, Biwa and coworkers [53,54] modeled longitudinal wave attenuation in the normal fiber direction and provided graphical data of a scattering cross-section vs frequency (both in normalized values). The Results and Discussion section provides separate tables for different types of materials, metals (steels, non-ferrous alloys, and cast iron), polymers and wood, fiber-reinforced composites, and ceramics and rocks. This part covers general observations and includes comments on peculiar material behavior observed for some groups, such as cold-worked metals and cast iron.
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