Abstract
Editorial Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are most conveniently developed and delivered orally as solid dosage forms that contain a defined crystalline form of an API. Co-crystal is a crystalline entity formed by two different or more molecular entities where the intermolecular interactions are weak forces like hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking. Co-crystals are an enabling technology that is used in new or existing drug delivery systems by majority of pharmaceutical companies in formulation and drug development. The concept of modifying the properties of a drug molecule by forming a pharmaceutical co-crystal containing a single APIs and a pharmaceutical relevant co-former with improved properties compared with the pure drug crystal has generated immense interest [1]. Physicians prescribe combination therapy frequently to treat and manage a plethora of medical conditions. Multi-API co-crystals, relatively unexplored solid forms of APIs, have potential relevance in the context of combination drugs for pharmaceutical drug development (Figure 1). The idea of developing multi-API co-crystals is interesting. This is reflected from the number of publications and patent applications for co-crystals in recent years. Drug-drug co-crystals fulfil the criteria for patent eligibility: novelty, utility, and non-obviousness for pharmaceutical development. However, no compilation of drugdrug co-crystals information’s is available in literature. There is immense potential to explore co-crystal design of established APIs among each other to enhance solubility and bioavailability of the product. Consequently, there is a strong need to devise ways to increase the likelihood of success in generating drug–drug co-crystals. In this context, the limited available reports in literature are described here. While co-administering a combination of theophylline and phenobarbital, it was discovered that a co-crystal of 2:1 stoichiometry existed between the two compounds [2]. The example of a trimorphic co-crystal involving APIs i.e. ethenzamide and gentisic acid, may find relevance in the context of
Highlights
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is still escalating at an alarming rate worldwide
Obesity is associated with chronic activation of low-grade inflammation [3], which is implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated diseases including insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes (T2D) [4, 5] and cardiovascular disease [6, 7]
A numerous of studies has been shown that shortchain fatty acids (SCFAs) inhibit inflammation with focus on butyrate and to a lesser extent on acetate and Propionic Acid (PA), [16]
Summary
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is still escalating at an alarming rate worldwide. In Palestine the prevalence of obesity has been shown to be approximately 4. The etiology of obesity and low-grade inflammation is complex and involves intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The colonization of germ-free mice with microbiota derived from obese mice results in significantly greater adiposity than colonization with microbiota from lean mice [12]. Prebiotic diets such as fructans [13] are associated with general better health, including the decrease in body weight, fat mass and the severity of T2D [14,15,16]. The factors that influence the composition and metabolism of intestinal
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