Does the activity of ankle plantar flexors differ between limbs while healthy, young subjects stand at ease?

Abstract

Inferences on the active contribution of plantar flexors to the stabilisation of human standing posture have been drawn from surface electromyograms (EMGs). Surface EMGs were however often detected unilaterally, presuming the myoelectric activity from muscles in a single leg reflects the pattern of muscle activation in both legs. In this study we question whether surface EMGs detected from plantar flexor muscles in both legs provide equal estimates of the duration of activity. Arrays of surface electrodes were used to collect EMGs from gastrocnemius and soleus muscles while twelve, young male participants stood at ease for 60 s. Muscles in each leg were deemed active whenever the Root Mean Square amplitude of EMGs (40 ms epochs) detected by any channel in the arrays exceeded the noise level, defined from EMGs detected during rest. The Chi-Square statistics revealed significant differences in the relative number of active periods for both muscles in 10 out of 12 participants tested, ranging from 2% to 65% (χ2 > 17.90; P < 0.01). Pearson correlation analysis indicated side differences in the duration of gastrocnemius though not soleus activity were associated with the centre of pressure mean, lateral position (R = 0.60; P = 0.035). These results suggest therefore that surface EMGs may provide different estimates of the timing of plantar flexors’ activity if collected unilaterally during standing and that asymmetric activation may be not necessarily associated with weight distribution between limbs. Depending on the body side from which EMGs are collected, the active contribution of plantar flexors to standing stabilization may be either under- or over-valued.