Abstract
Ankle plantar flexor muscles are active in the stance phase of walking to propel the body forward. Increasing walking speed requires increased plantar flexor excitation, frequently assessed using surface electromyography (EMG). Despite its popularity, validity of surface EMG applied on shank muscles is mostly unclear. Thus, we examined the agreement between surface and intramuscular EMG at a range of walking speeds. Ten participants walked overground at slow, preferred, fast, and maximum walking speeds (1.01 ± 0.13, 1.43 ± 0.19, 1.84 ± 0.23, and 2.20 ± 0.38 m s–1, respectively) while surface and fine-wire EMG activities of flexor hallucis longus (FHL), soleus (SOL), medial gastrocnemius (MG) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG), and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were recorded. Surface and intramuscular peak-normalised EMG amplitudes were compared for each muscle and speed across the stance phase using Statistical Parametric Mapping. In FHL, we found differences around peak activity at all speeds except fast. There was no difference in MG at any speed or in LG at slow and preferred speeds. For SOL and LG, differences were seen in the push-off phase at fast and maximum walking speeds. In SOL and TA, surface EMG registered activity during phases in which intramuscular EMG indicated inactivity. Our results suggest that surface EMG is generally a suitable method to measure MG and LG EMG activity across several walking speeds. Minimising cross-talk in FHL remains challenging. Furthermore, SOL and TA muscle onset/offset defined by surface EMG should be interpreted cautiously. These findings should be considered when recording and interpreting surface EMG of shank muscles in walking.
Highlights
Electromyography is often used in research and clinical environments to examine muscle excitations in normal and pathological conditions
Our results suggest that surface EMG is generally a suitable method to measure medial gastrocnemius (MG) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) EMG activity across several walking speeds
These results suggest that surface EMG signals were influenced by crosstalk in these cases
Summary
Electromyography is often used in research and clinical environments to examine muscle excitations in normal and pathological conditions. With surface EMG, excitation level is acquired from a large area including several motor unit populations (Roy et al, 1986). Due to the relatively large pick-up area of the electrodes, unwanted signals can be recorded from adjacent or deep muscles (Perry et al, 1981; Dimitrova et al, 2002; Lowery et al, 2003), an error source termed cross-talk. Proper surface electrode location is important since electrodes located close to the innervation zone or the tendon region may cause large signal amplitude variation (Sadoyama et al, 1985; Roy et al, 1986; Rainoldi et al, 2000, 2004; Farina et al, 2001; Merletti et al, 2001). During muscle contractions the muscle moves under the skin and the electrodes, which may have considerable effects on the recorded surface EMG signal (De Luca, 1997; Rainoldi et al, 2000; Farina et al, 2001)
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