Abstract
Funding and efficiency have always been important factors that restrict the sustainable development of tourism in developing countries. The PPP (Public Private Partnership) is an innovative model for addressing the above problems and is popular in the sustainable development of tourism around the world. The performance evaluation of tourism PPP is a key step towards promoting the PPP policy and sustainable development. In particular, the analysis of spatial effects that are easily overlooked will help to improve the measure of PPP performance. Based on tourism PPP projects in the PPP database of the Ministry of Finance in China, this paper analyses the spatial patterns and development characteristics of tourism PPP, identifies and measures the impact factors of tourism PPP by virtue of the GeoDetector method, and analyzes the function of PPP in tourism development and governance. The research shows that there are significant spatial disparities in the tourism PPP projects. Although tourism PPP is the result of interactions between multiple factors, what plays a critical role is the financial factor. PPP acts as a policy driver in tourism development in China. It corrects spatial mismatch between tourism resources and factors, eliminates space barriers and promotes the realization of spatial justice of tourism development. This study not only contributes to the improvement of China’s PPP policy, but also has implications for PPP policies in other developing countries.
Highlights
The tourism industry is a strategic pillar industry of the national economy
As an exception to the Eastern region, has a large number of tourism PPP projects not because Shandong’s tourism resources are rich, but because the local governments pay more attention to the PPP model compared to other Eastern provinces
The promotion of PPP in the tourism industry and the introduction of the experienced private sector through PPP are conductive to the development of the tourism industry, the alleviation of poverty, and the promotion of economic development
Summary
The tourism industry is a strategic pillar industry of the national economy. According to China’s 13th Five-Year Plan for the Development of the Tourism Industry, the overall contribution of the tourism industry to China’s national economy was 10.8% in 2015 (http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/201612/26/content_5152993.htm). The tourism industry plays an important role in promoting social and economic development, facilitating industrial transformation and upgrade, increasing employment and household income, and improving the quality of life [1,2]. According to the 13th Five-Year Plan for the Development of the Tourism Industry, the total investment in tourism should reach RMB 2 trillion ($318 billion) during the 13th Five-Year Plan period. It is important and urgent to introduce the PPP (Public Private Partnership) to attract private capital into tourism development, ease the government’s financial pressure and accelerate the development of the tourism industry
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