Distributive Lattices Defined for Representations of Rank Two Semisimple Lie Algebras

Abstract

For a rank two root system and a pair of nonnegative integers, using only elementary combinatorics we construct two posets. The constructions are uniform across the root systems $A_{1}\oplus A_{1}$, $A_{2}$, $C_{2}$, and $G_{2}$. Examples appear in Figures Four and Five. We then form the distributive lattices of order ideals of these posets. Corollary CharacterCorollary gives elegant quotient-of-products expressions for the rank generating functions of these lattices (thereby providing answers to a 1979 question of Stanley). Also, Theorem CharacterProposition describes how these lattices provide a new combinatorial setting for the Weyl characters of representations of rank two semisimple Lie algebras. Most of these lattices are new; the rest of them (or related structures) have arisen in the work of Stanley, Kashiwara, Nakashima, Littelmann, and Molev. In a future paper, one author shows that the posets constructed here form a Dynkin diagram-indexed answer to a combinatorially posed classification question. In a companion paper, some of these lattices are used to explicitly construct some representations of rank two semisimple Lie algebras. This implies that these lattices are strongly Sperner.