Abstract
AbstractFluorescent proteins have emerged as an attractive gain material for lasers, especially for devices requiring biocompatibility. However, due to their optical properties, integration with distributed feedback (DFB) resonators is not readily achievable. Here, a DFB laser with enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) as the gain material is demonstrated by incorporating a thin (65 nm), high refractive index (n = 2.12) ZrO2 interlayer as waveguide core. Deposition of ZrO2 via atomic layer deposition yields a smooth and conformal film as required to minimize optical losses. Lasing emission is obtained from 2D second‐order DFB eGFP lasers at pump power densities above 56.6 kW cm–2 and a wavelength tuning range of Δλ = 51.7 nm is demonstrated. Furthermore, it is shown that in contrast to conventional organic DFB lasers, both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes are accessible. The effective refractive index of these modes can be predicted accurately through optical modelling. Using far‐field imaging, the laser beam profile is studied and TE and TM modes are distinguished.
Highlights
Fluorescent proteins have emerged as an attractive gain material for lasers, a par with state-of-the-art fluorescent especially for devices requiring biocompatibility
Green fluorescent protein (GFP) was first discovered and ex- ical single-cell laser, in which enhanced GFP[7] is used tracted from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria in the North Pacific, as the gain material, and the fabrication of a low threshold poand is commonly used as a marker for genes and molecules lariton laser based on enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) that emits laser-like radiation from in biology laboratories around the world.[1,2]
We show how bulk eGFP can be used as a solid-state gain material in an optimized 2D second-order distributed feedback (DFB) resonator structure to obtain low-threshold lasing emission from different modes over a broad spectral range
Summary
Glancing incidence SEM images of grating regions covered with eGFP demonstrate that the ZrO2 layer does form a conformal layer of constant thickness, and reproduces the periodic grating structure (Figure 2e,f (close up)). This is expected for a layer formed by ALD, in which the growth process relies on a self-limiting chemical reaction. The FIB/SEM images confirm that the fabrication of our DFB eGFP laser structure worked as anticipated
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