Discussion on Transitional Shale Gas Accumulation Conditions from the Perspective of Source-Reservoir-Caprock Controlling Hydrocarbon: Examples from Permian Shanxi Formation and Taiyuan Formation in the Eastern Margin of Ordos Basin, NW China

Abstract

Transitional shale gas, rich in resources, is expected to be a practical contributor to the increase in shale gas reserves and production in China. Its exploration prospect has been demonstrated by several wells in the Daning-Jixian block on the eastern margin of the Ordos Basin. In this paper, the Lower Permian Shanxi Formation (P1s) and Taiyuan Formation (P1t) in the eastern margin of Ordos Basin were compared for organic geochemical parameters, revealing that the overflow fan + lagoon combination (OLC) of the third sub-member of the second member of Shanxi Formation (P1s23) and the marine + lagoon combination (MLC) of the first member of Taiyuan Formation (P1t1) are the most favorable shale gas intervals. The two intervals were comparatively analyzed with respect to mineral composition, brittleness, caprocks, and preservation conditions. It is found that the OLC of P1s23 has a similar porosity to and much lower permeability than the MLC of P1t1 (or MLC1) and a BET surface area of 10–15 m2/g, which is smaller than the MLC1 (15–20 m2/g). Moreover, OLC has a brittle mineral content equivalent to MLC1 but a brittleness index of 33.73–62.36 (avg. 49.86), smaller than MLC1 (53.34–58.27, or avg. 55.85). OLC contains sandstones at both the roof and floor, with a higher permeability than shale in the interval, which cannot serve as good physical seals. In contrast, MLC1 contains limestones with lower permeability at the roof and floor, which, together with the overlying coal seams, have hydrocarbon generation capacity and can physically seal the MLC1 shale but also fill it with hydrocarbons, making MLC1 have higher gas content and superior for shale gas exploration than the OLC shale. Due to the multi-lithologies developed in transitional facies, besides the organic matter enrichment, and reservoir characteristics, it is necessary to find a suitable lithological combination to ensure the gas in shale can be better preserved and retained.