Digital interventions for mental health: challenges and opportunities

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Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has exacerbated global mental health challenges, underscoring the urgent need for advancements in digital healthcare technologies. Digital therapeutics have demonstrated clinical utility across various domains; however, their development and implementation in the mental health remain constrained within the traditional clinical paradigm. This study conceptualizes and classifies digital interventions for mental health (DIMH), delineates their core technologies, and discusses their strengths and limitations.Current Concepts: DIMH interventions predominantly utilize cognitive behavioral therapy frameworks, targeting conditions such as anxiety, depression, and psychological distress. Despite their potential, low user engagement remains a persistent challenge, necessitating personalized approaches tailored to individual needs. Platforms bridge users and therapists, facilitating hybrid online-offline care; however, service delivery may falter due to shortages in provider availability. Emerging social chatbots, while not specifically designed for treatment, show promising outcomes but are limited by insufficient consideration of social contexts and potential interactional errors. Digital phenotyping, which leverages behavioral data such as location tracking and smartphone usage patterns, enhances the personalization of interventions by embedding social context. Additionally, virtual reality (VR) offers effective solutions for exposure therapy and social interaction training, serving as a viable alternative to traditional therapy.Discussion and Conclusion: This review underscores the complementary nature of DIMH technologies and advocates for an integrated approach. The convergence of group-based interventions, chatbots, digital phenotyping, and VR technology presents opportunities for more effective and personalized mental health care. Such advancements could redefine mental health services, addressing unmet needs and fostering innovation.