Dietary exposure of mussels to PVP/PEI coated Ag nanoparticles causes Ag accumulation in adults and abnormal embryo development in their offspring

Abstract

Toxicity of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) to aquatic organisms has been widely studied. However, the potential toxic effects of Ag NPs ingested through the food web, especially at environmentally relevant concentrations, as well as the potential effects on the offspring remain unknown. The aims of this work were to screen the cytotoxicity of Poly N‑vinyl‑2‑pirrolidone/Polyethyleneimine (PVP/PEI) coated 5 nm Ag NPs in hemocytes exposed in vitro and to assess the effects of dietary exposure to Ag NPs on mussels growth, immune status, gonad condition, reproductive success and offspring embryo development. For this, mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis were fed daily with microalgae Isochrysis galbana previously exposed for 24 h to a dose close to environmentally relevant concentrations (1 μg Ag/L Ag NPs) and to a high dose of 10 μg Ag/L Ag NPs. After 24 h of in vitro exposure, Ag NPs were cytotoxic to mussel hemocytes starting at 1 mg Ag/L (LC50: 2.05 mg Ag/L). Microalgae significantly accumulated Ag after the exposure to both doses and mussels fed for 21 days with microalgae exposed to 10 μg Ag/L Ag NPs significantly accumulated Ag in the digestive gland and gills. Sperm motility and fertilization success were not affected but exposed females released less eggs than non-exposed ones. The percentage of abnormal embryos was significantly higher than in control individuals after parental exposure to both doses. Overall, results indicate that Ag NPs taken up through the diet can significantly affect ecologically relevant endpoints such as reproduction success and embryo development in marine mussels.