Abstract
In the transportation sector, the fuel consumption model is a fundamental tool for vehicles’ energy consumption and emission analysis. Over the past decades, vehicle-specific power (VSP) has been enormously adopted in a number of studies to estimate vehicles’ instantaneous driving power. Then, the relationship between the driving power and fuel consumption is established as a fuel consumption model based on statistical approaches. This study proposes a new methodology to improve the conventional energy consumption modeling methods for hybrid vehicles. The content is organized into a two-paper series. Part I captures the driving power equation development and the coefficient calibration for a specific vehicle model or fleet. Part II focuses on hybrid vehicles’ energy consumption modeling, and utilizes the equation obtained in Part I to estimate the driving power. Also, this paper has discovered that driving power is not the only primary factor that influences hybrid vehicles’ energy consumption. This study introduces a new approach by applying the fundamental of hybrid powertrain operation to reduce the errors and drawbacks of the conventional modeling methods. This study employs a new driving power estimation equation calibrated for the third generation Toyota Prius from Part I. Then, the Traction Force-Speed Based Fuel Consumption Model (TFS model) is proposed. The combination of these two processes provides a significant improvement in fuel consumption prediction error compared to the conventional VSP prediction method. The absolute maximum error was reduced from 57% to 23%, and more than 90% of the predictions fell inside the 95% confidential interval. These validation results were conducted based on real-world driving data. Furthermore, the results show that the proposed model captures the efficiency variation of the hybrid powertrain well due to the multi-operation mode transition throughout the variation of the driving conditions. This study also provides a supporting analysis indicating that the driving mode transition in hybrid vehicles significantly affects the energy consumption. Thus, it is necessary to consider these unique characteristics to the modeling process.
Highlights
Dominating around 45% of the global fuel consumption each year, the transportation sector is one of the primary contributors that emit a tremendous amount of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere [1].To address the problem, several measures and policies have been enforced
Even though the output power is the same, different force and speed means different different powertrain operation points, which result in different energy consumption
This figure attempts to illustrate the fuel illustrate the fuel consumption variation that occurs at any constant vehicle-specific power (VSP) level
Summary
The regulation of tailpipe emissions and fuel consumption is one of the most explicit examples. It forces the penetration of hybrid and electric powertrain vehicles to the market [2]. The evaluation of the impact of the transition of the powertrain technologies on the environment, fuel consumption, and emission models has become substantial. There have been several hybrid powertrain configurations introduced into the market and on the road. A power-split hybrid vehicle is one of the most widespread series–parallel hybrid powertrain configurations [3]. The remarkable concept of this powertrain is that it detaches the speed between the wheels and the engine. The engine can operate regardless of the driving speed [4,5]
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