Abstract
The monitoring of insect pests based on adult trapping systems is part of integrated pest management (IPM) in many crops and of early warning detection programs used to set up appropriate management decisions or eradication responses. Using data obtained from traps to make management decisions is not an easy task and involves significant costs in equipment, transport and labour. Thanks to the spread and the low prices of information and communication technologies, innovative automated capture devices including electronic sensors and connecting components are increasingly being developed, allow facing some of the current monitoring constraints in a context of IPM. In this paper, we illustrated the state of the art of this field and provide insights on automated devices, consisting of traps equipped with sensors and other components for the collection of data in the field and their transmission to a remote server accessible online, with information stored in geo-referenced databases. Optical sensors are mainly used for detecting photo-interruptions, images or optoacoustic spectrum of wingbeats. The monitoring systems can be equipped with software for image interpretation and identification of the caught target insect pest (fully automated system) or a remote operator can count the trapped insects by watching the images coming from the e-trap (semi-automated system). The software can integrate a decision support system (DSS) module, which provides information on the risk of infestation and the actions to be taken (when, where, how to make a control application). The development and future prospects of automated devices are discussed in relation to the technical reliability of the system, ease of use and costs compared to traditional monitoring methods.
Highlights
Monitoring of adult insects with traps is considered a standard activity in integrated pest management (IPM) and early warning detection,[1] helping to optimize control or eradication operations through observing the presence and/or variation of a pest population in the field
The present paper provided an overview of the concepts and applications of automated traps in IPM and discussed the strengths and weaknesses of traditional versus automated monitoring tools
Earlier sensors were applied to passive grain probe traps to provide continuous monitoring of stored-grain beetles within large volumes of stored products.[8]
Summary
Monitoring of adult insects with traps is considered a standard activity in integrated pest management (IPM) and early warning detection,[1] helping to optimize control or eradication operations through observing the presence and/or variation of a pest population in the field. Earlier sensors were applied to passive grain probe traps to provide continuous monitoring of stored-grain beetles within large volumes of stored products.[8] A modified automatic pheromone trap for the boll weevil Anthonomus grandis Boheman was tested for the season monitoring of the weevil in cotton fields.[19] Various traps baited with the specific aggregation pheromone were proposed for the monitoring of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) in urban environments or bark beetles in forests.[4,15,20,21,22] A different approach was used for the early detection of alien woodboring beetles.[23] In this case, a multi-funnel trap baited with a blend of generic lures attractive to many wood-boring species was equipped with a camera; the images were inspected remotely for insect identification with a different level of accuracy depending on family and genus of the trapped beetles Another example of automatic image-based trap was developed for small-bodied insects mainly aimed for greenhouses.[24] An automatic pheromone trap for counting the bean bug Riptortus clavatus (Thunberg) utilized a different detecting system consisting of two rollers placed at the same distance of the size of the insect, which upon entering touches both of them and generates an electric arc by striking the insect. Examples of fully automated traps mostly for moth or fruit fly pests using different sensor typology are currently available in the market.[34,35,36] As for other ICTs, the perspective for smart traps to be widely used in the farming practice in the near future must be considered substantial
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