Abstract
Many species of insect pests can be detected and monitored automatically. Several systems have been designed in order to improve integrated pest management (IPM) in the context of precision agriculture. Automatic detection traps have been developed for many important pests. These techniques and new technologies are very promising for the early detection and monitoring of aggressive and quarantine pests. The aim of the present paper is to review the techniques and scientific state of the art of the use of sensors for automatic detection and monitoring of insect pests. The paper focuses on the methods for identification of pests based in infrared sensors, audio sensors and image-based classification, presenting the different systems available, examples of applications and recent developments, including machine learning and Internet of Things. Future trends of automatic traps and decision support systems are also discussed.
Highlights
Environmental concerns about the use of pesticides, overexploitation of natural resources, expansion of global trade, increasing human population, changes in consumption patterns, and advances in technology are thriving, leading to a new revolution in agriculture
Integrated pest management (IPM) systems are being developed in order to improve the management of insect pests, reducing the overall use of pesticides and focusing on more precise applications
Potamitis et al [52] presented a novel bimodal optoelectronic sensor based on Improving this system, Potamitis et al [51] presented a novel bimodal optoelectronic sensor based a stereo-recording device that records the wingbeat of an insect in flight and Fresnel lens
Summary
Environmental concerns about the use of pesticides, overexploitation of natural resources, expansion of global trade, increasing human population, changes in consumption patterns, and advances in technology are thriving, leading to a new revolution in agriculture. Precision agriculture tools enable farmers to analyze the spatial-temporal variability of several key factors that affect plant health and productivity Obtained through sensors, these data are stored and combined in digital platforms in order to guide the decision-making process [2]. Agriculture 2020, 10, 161 the darkness, Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS )for wildlife telemetry, habitat mapping and echo-sounding detection of larvae movement [3] These techniques are usually high-cost and not affordable for farmers. Advances in miniaturized sensors, microprocessors, telecommunications engineering and digital processing techniques allowed the reduction in costs in novel insect automatic detection and monitoring systems. These new devices can be connected to the internet, allowing real-time surveillance on the field level. This review intends to highlight the methods used for different orders of insects, including Lepidoptera, Diptera (fruit flies), Coleoptera (weevil in palm trees) and sucking insects belonging to different orders of insects, considering that the majority of relevant publications were focused on them
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