Abstract
Simple SummaryProlactin is considered a remarkable index of stress response, both acute and chronic, in several species. Some studies have investigated the possibility of measuring prolactin in saliva in human beings and Rhesus macaque. The possibility of measuring it in dog saliva would provide a non-invasive, helpful tool for the assessment of dog welfare. The aims of this research article are to study (1) the possibility of quantifying canine prolactin in saliva using a prolactin canine ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) kit validated for measuring prolactin in canine blood and (2) the potential presence of a correlation between prolactin levels in saliva and plasma. Prolactin has been reported to be a remarkable index of stress response, both acute and chronic, in several species. The use of biological matrixes other than blood is receiving increasing interest in the study of hormones, due to the lower invasiveness in collection. This research aimed to investigate the possibility of using a commercial ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) kit for measuring canine prolactin in blood for the quantification of canine prolactin in saliva. Study 1 consisted of a validation protocol, using saliva samples collected from lactating and non-lactating dogs. Study 2 was conducted to investigate a possible correlation between prolactin concentration in saliva and plasma in sheltered dogs by using the same kit. Prolactin values were reliably read only when they came from blood samples, not from saliva, but tended to be low in most of the cases. Study 1 showed that saliva had a matrix effect. In study 2, saliva prolactin levels were low and in 42.9% of cases, not readable. No correlation between prolactin values in plasma and saliva was found (ρ = 0.482; p = 0.274). These findings suggested that the determination of prolactin in dog saliva through an ELISA kit created for measuring prolactin in dog blood was unreliable.
Highlights
The best-known role of prolactin in the dog is the stimulation of the growth of the mammary gland and the lactation processes
Levels of prolactin measured in non-lactating (NLS) and lactating (LS) saliva pools were similar and, in both cases, low
Prolactin concentration values obtained in Control dissolved in water (CW), Control dissolved in artificial saliva (CAS), and Control dissolved in non-lactating saliva (CNLS) (Table 1) were within the target ranges, except for CNLS in kit 2 which was higher (12.1 ng/ml)
Summary
The best-known role of prolactin in the dog is the stimulation of the growth of the mammary gland and the lactation processes. Prolactin has over 300 separate biological activities and it plays multiple homeostatic roles and physiological functions in the organism, such as the electrolyte balance, luteal function, regulation of the immune system, osmoregulation, angiogenesis, maintenance of the inter-oestrous interval, etc. Prolactin is considered an index of acute stress in some species. Prolactin concentrations increased after various stressful stimuli in humans [2] and rats [3,4,5,6], including male rats [7]. Hyperprolactinemia seemed to be a significant factor for the decrease of plasma oxytocin response to acute stress [8]. The decrease in stress-induced secretion of ACTH from the Animals 2019, 9, 418; doi:10.3390/ani9070418 www.mdpi.com/journal/animals
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