Abstract
A portable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) optical biosensor device is described as a direct immunosensing system to determine organic pollutants in natural water samples. Monitoring of organochlorine (DDT), organophosphorus (chlorpyrifos) and carbamate (carbaryl) compounds within the concentration levels stipulated by the European legislation, can be accomplished using this immunosensor. The lowest limit of detection (LOD) was obtained for DDT, at 20 ng L −1, whilst 50 ng L −1 and 0.9 μg L −1, were achieved for chlorpyrifos and carbaryl, respectively. Matrix effects were evaluated for the carbaryl immunoassay in different water types with detection limits within the range of carbaryl standard curves in distilled water (0.9–1.4 μg L −1). The covalent immobilization of the analyte derivative through an alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM) allowed the reusability of the sensor surface during more than 250 regeneration cycles. The quality of the regeneration was proved over a 1-month period of continuous working. The analysis time for a complete assay cycle, including regeneration, comprises 24 min. Our portable SPR-sensor system is already a market product, commercialized by the company SENSIA, SL. The size and electronic configuration of the device allow its portability and utilization on real contaminated locations.
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