Detection of role the enzyme adenosine deaminase in leishmaniasis as biomarkers during of infection

Abstract

Abstract:
 Leishmaniasis is a global illness that is endemic in many countries, including Iraq. The infection is caused by the injection of the parasite Leishmania through a female fly bite’s belonging to the genus Phlebotomus when feed on the mammal host. The hallmark of cutaneous Leishmania is skin ulcers that are likely to be effectively enhanced by the immune system to control the growth and the development of the parasite, while other species of Leishmania are more severe and the parasite infect the visceral organs of the host rather than local skin infection According to statistics and available database of Iraqi Center of Disease Control, the number of recorded cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Iraq were 16134 cases in 2020, while for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), it was 95 cases. The current study was conducted on 88 individaul of both sexes, they were from Diyala province and the capital Baghdad, during the period from October 2020 to February 2021. All suspected cutaneous or visceral patients involved in this study were prediagnosed in the laboratory before processing Adenosine Deaminase Enzyme (ADA) by ELISA colorimetric detection. 
 Total number of confirmed leishmaniasis patients were (n=57) cutaneous patients and(n=16) visceral patients, collected from different hospitals in Diyala province and Baghdad. Positive CL or VL samples were confirmed by microscopic Giemsa staining, rapid immune chromatographic strip assay and indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), in addition to the clinical signs and symptoms, which were evaluated by a consultant physician.
 the ADA enzyme level was also increased in the studied groups where significant difference was recorded in the 2nd trail Pentostam treatment, which was 4.275 nanomol/minute/µg in comparison to control subjects, which was 3.138 nanomol/minute/µg. Although no significant correlation was seen in the ADA enzyme concentration in the newly infected and 3rd trial treatment groups, which were 3.899 nanomol/minute/µg and 3.474 nanomol/minute/µg, respectively. 
 Furthermore, the highest serum ADA enzyme concentration was observed in the newly visceral leishmaniasis groups, which was 5.238 nanomol/minute/µg. However, there was difference seen among the test groups for both studied parameters. 
 The results of this study highlighted a new concept of investigating immunological molecules, such as ADA enzyme, as possible biomarkers for cutaneous or visceral leishmaniasis prognosis and development.