Immunology study and the Assessment of parameters in difference Age, Sex of stage resistance infection leishmaniasis in Dayla

Abstract

The Leishmania parasite belonged to trypanosomatidae family,. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL)and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are endemic in Iraq as one of the neglected tropical diseases. The current drugswhich are used as antileishaminial treatment characterized by enormous side effects including their toxicity tohuman, long term treatment, liver problems, hugely cost. Therefore, there is a necessity to find an alternativetreatment marked as low cost, more specific against parasite’s stages, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), acytokine that generated by the innate immune response to CL infection, can influence disease clearance in thehuman host. The effect of this pro-inflammatory cytokine in CL ulcer development during the infection is not wellestablished. The current study was conducted on 88 individaul of both sexes, they were from Diyala province andthe capital Baghdad, during the period from October 2020 to February 2021.All suspected cutaneous or visceral patients involved in this study were prediagnosed in the laboratory beforeprocessing Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Adenosine Deaminase Enzyme (ADA) by ELISAcolorimetric detection.Total number of confirmed leishmaniasis patients were (n=57) cutaneous patients and (n=16) visceral patients,collected from different hospitals in Diyala province and Baghdad. Positive CL or VL samples were confirmed bymicroscopic Giemsa staining, In this study, the level of circulating tumor necrosis factor alpha and adenosinedeaminase enzyme levels were detected in CL patients of newly diagnosed infection and in patients undergoingdifferent doses of treatment, 2nd and 3rd Pentostam trail-treatment, in addition, VL patients of newly diagnosedinfection with no treatment; in comparison to control subjects.Regardless the type of leishmaniasis and according to age, the results showed that TNF-α concentration was higherin patients less than 15 years old, in comparison with other age group over 15 years (15-60) years old, which was1169.899 ng/ml and 961.206 ng/ml respectively. While according to sex, the higher concentration of TNF-α wasrecorded in female rather than male, 1030.243 ng/ml and 996.458 ng/mlRegarding ADA enzyme, the highest enzyme activity also recorded in the age group of 1-14 years old, which was4.749 nanomol/minute/µg, in comparison of patients between 15-60 years old, which was 3.706nanomol/minute/µg. While according to sex, the maximum enzyme activity was seen in male rather than female(4.296, 4.483) nanomol/minute/µg, respectively. The perceived rise of TNF-α and ADA serum levels may giveinsights into this pro-inflammatory cytokine as a biomarker in prognosis and tracking disease progression.