Abstract
This paper analyses the capabilities of unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulations to predict the coherent structures found in a swirling jet undergoing vortex breakdown. Recently, tomographic particle image velocimetry experiments of an annular swirling jet at a Reynolds number of 8500 at moderate swirl showed the presence of a double helical structure in the flow field (Vanierschot et al., Physical Review Fluids, 2018). This structure corresponds to the double helix vortex breakdown mode and is rarely observed in turbulent flows. In this study, the same flow topology is simulated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Turbulence is modeled using the unsteady RANS methodology with a RNG k-e turbulence model. The coherent structures in the flow field were analysed using the spectral proper orthogonal decomposition technique. Despite the fact that it is known that steady-state RANS simulations using two-equation isotropic turbulence models have problems in accurately describing swirling flows which are highly anisotropic, this study shows that the unsteady variant was able to predict the large scale flow structures and their associated dynamics reasonable well. In particular, similar to the experiments, a double helical structure was found in the flow field. The structure has windings in the counter-swirl direction and it is wrapped around the central breakdown bubble. To the authors knowledge, this study is the first one to show the ability of unsteady RANS to predict not only the presence of the double helix vortex breakdown in the flow field, but also the spatial and temporal structure of it.
Highlights
Turbulent swirling flows are ubiquitous in nature, such as in tornadoes and typhoons and in engineering technical applications, for instance, the vortices shedding from the leading edge of aircraft and the rotational motion in combustion chambers
Spectral proper orthogonal decomposition analysis One of the key issues in this research field is to identify the coherent structures from flow fields, which involves the construction of empirical modes that dominate the flow dynamics
The most popular methods, such as energy-ranked proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and frequency-ranked fast Fourier decomposition or dynamic mode decomposition (DMD), are not applicable when coherent structures occur with low energies or fluctuating frequencies
Summary
Turbulent swirling flows are ubiquitous in nature, such as in tornadoes and typhoons and in engineering technical applications, for instance, the vortices shedding from the leading edge of aircraft and the rotational motion in combustion chambers. Vanierschot et al [11] conducted experimental studies on a turbulent annular swirling jet by tomographic particle image velocimetry, and single helix and double helix vortex breakdown was identified. An unsteady RANS simulation is used to model the turbulent annular swirling jet flow firstly.
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