Deposition, Clearance, and Shortening of Kevlar Para-aramid Fibrils in Acute, Subchronic, and Chronic Inhalation Studies in Rats

Abstract

Deposition, Clearance, and Shortening of Kevlar Para-aramid Fibrils in Acute, Subchronic, and Chronic Inhalation Studies in Rats. Kelly, D. P., Merriman, E. A., Kennedy, G. L., Jr., and Lee, K. P. (1993). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 21, 345-354.The deposition and clearance of lung-deposited Kevlar para-aramid fibrils (subfibers) have been investigated as part of a subchronic and chronic inhalation toxicity testing program. Fibrils recovered from lung tissue in para-aramid-exposed Sprague-Dawley rats were microscopically counted and measured after exposures to airborne fibrils which were about 12 μm median length (ML) and <0.3 μm median diameter. In each of three studies lung-recovered fibrils were progressively shorter with increasing residence time in the lungs. Twenty-eight days after a single 6-hr exposure at 400 respirable fibrils per cubic centimeter (f/cm3) the ML of recovered fibrils decreased to about 5 μm. Twenty-four months after a 3-week exposure to 25 or 400 f/cm3, fibrils reached about 2 μm ML. After 2 years of continuous exposure at 2.5, 25, or 100 f/cm3 or 1 year exposure plus 1 year recovery at 400 f/cm3, fibril ML approached 4 μm. In the 2-year study, the lung-fiber accumulation rate/exposure concentration was similar for the three highest concentrations and was about 3× greater than that seen at 2.5 f/cm3, indicating that concentrations of about 25 f/cm3 or more may overwhelm clearance mechanisms. Time required for fibrils to be reduced to <5 μm in the lung was markedly less at lower exposure concentration and shorter exposure time. The primary shortening mechanism is proposed to be long fibril cutting by enzymatic attack at fibril defects. However, length-selective fibril deposition and clearance may contribute to shortening in the first few days after exposure. The enzymatic cutting hypothesis is supported by measured increases in numbers of short fibers following cessation of exposures, continued shortening of the fibril length distribution up to 2 years following exposure, and in vitro fibril shortening after 3 months in a proteolytic enzyme preparation. The conclusion is that para-aramid fibrils are less durable in the lungs of rats than expected from the known chemical resistance of commercial yarn. These data suggest that at the low para-aramid fibril exposures found in the workplace, this fibril-shortening mechanism may limit the residence time of long fibers in the lungs of exposed workers. In addition, associated cascade impactor aerodynamic measurements indicate that due to their ribbon shape and curly nature, para-aramid fibrils behave aerodynamically larger than straight fibers.