Abstract
The integration of renewable energy resources (RES) (such as wind and photovoltaic (PV)) on large or small scales, in addition to small generation units, and individual producers, has led to a large variation in energy production, adding uncertainty to power systems (PS) due to the inherent stochasticity of natural resources. The implementation of demand-side management (DSM) in distribution grids (DGs), enabled by intelligent electrical devices and advanced communication infrastructures, ensures safer and more economical operation, giving more flexibility to the intelligent smart grid (SG), and consequently reducing pollutant emissions. Consumers play an active and key role in modern SG as small producers, using RES or through participation in demand response (DR) programs. In this work, the proposed DSM model follows a two-stage stochastic approach to deal with uncertainties associated with RES (wind and PV) together with demand response aggregators (DRA). Three types of DR strategies offered to consumers are compared. Nine test cases are modeled, simulated, and compared in order to analyze the effects of the different DR strategies. The purpose of this work is to minimize DG operating costs from the Distribution System Operator (DSO) point-of-view, through the analysis of different levels of DRA presence, DR strategies, and price variations.
Highlights
Sustainable development and climate change mitigation are two of the main challenges facing the energy sector
The base case load profile is compared with the cases where only load curtailment (LC) contracts are provided to the consumers (Cases 2 and 3)
Each demand response aggregators (DRA) contract signed with consumers has a certain amount of load that consumers can reduce
Summary
Sustainable development and climate change mitigation are two of the main challenges facing the energy sector. Energy consumption is intrinsically dependent on fossil fuels, since they serve a major portion of energy demand whether through electricity generation, transportation, or other sectors. If mitigation policies pertaining to environmental problems are not emphasized and effectuated, pollutant emissions could increase by approximately 30% over the years [1,2]. To achieve the environmental goals stipulated by worldwide governments, increased integration of renewable energy resources (RES) in electricity generation is one of the most efficient solutions. RES are unlimited, endogenous, and have several benefits compared with conventional energy sources (CES), one of which is the reduction of pollutant emissions in the long-term [3].
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