Abstract
Residential variable energy price schemes can be made more effective with the use of a demand response (DR) strategy along with smart appliances. Using DR, the electricity bill of participating customers/households can be minimised, while pursuing other aims such as demand-shifting and maximising consumption of locally generated renewable-electricity. In this article, a two-stage optimization method is used to implement a price-based implicit DR scheme. The model considers a range of novel smart devices/technologies/schemes, connected to smart-meters and a local DR-Controller. A case study with various decarbonisation scenarios is used to analyse the effects of deploying the proposed DR-scheme in households located in the west area of the Isle of Wight (Southern United Kingdom). There are approximately 15,000 households, of which 3000 are not connected to the gas-network. Using a distribution network model along with a load flow software-tool, the secondary voltages and apparent-power through transformers at the relevant substations are computed. The results show that in summer, participating households could export up to 6.4 MW of power, which is 10% of installed large-scale photovoltaics (PV) capacity on the island. Average carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) reductions of 7.1 ktons/annum and a reduction in combined energy/transport fuel-bills of 60%/annum could be achieved by participating households.
Highlights
To reduce the load on the grid during peak-demand periods or to maximise the use of clean energy, variable energy price schemes have been suggested [1,2,3]
The following six decarbonisation scenarios have been considered to estimate the total power consumption by 15,000 households in the study region, apparent power flows through transformers, voltages at transformers, apparent power flows through interconnectors, CO2 emissions reduction and reduction in bills under different scenarios based on the season, percentage of the households adopting demand response (DR) scheme and percentage of households having electric vehicles
With regard to the level of adoption of the DR scheme, we consider a base scenario of 40% adoption in the study region, and evaluate sensitivity by considering a higher (60%) level of adoption, and a lower (20%) level of adoption
Summary
To reduce the load on the grid during peak-demand periods or to maximise the use of clean energy, variable energy price schemes have been suggested [1,2,3]. These schemes can provide a reduced cost of electricity during off peak consumption, or when surplus energy is being generated that would otherwise be lost [2]. The same report indicates that there are risks as well in terms of the potential for energy rebound effects (an unintended increase in demand at certain periods), vulnerability to changes in energy pricing, and data security implications. There may be potential barriers to the deployment of home energy controls, and new challenges for other stakeholders in the energy ecosystem, such as DNOs, and energy suppliers and generators
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