Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have recently attracted attention as a promising green alternative to conventional hazardous solvents by virtue of their simple preparation, low cost, and biodegradability. Even though the application of DESs in analytical chemistry is still in its early stages, the number of publications on this topic is growing. Analytical procedures applying dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic droplets (DLLME-SFOD) are among the more appealing approaches where DESs have been found to be applicable. Herein, we provide a summary of the articles that are concerned with the application of DESs in the DLLME-SFOD of target analytes from diverse samples to provide up-to-date knowledge in this area. In addition, the major variables influencing enrichment efficiency and the microextraction mechanism are fully investigated and explained. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives of applying DESs in DLLME-SFOD are thoroughly discussed and are critically analyzed.
Highlights
Despite unimpeachable improvements in analytical instrumentation, sample preparation still represents the major bottleneck and a greater time-consuming step in developing an analytical method [1]
El-Deen et al reported the use of Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) (TBABr: acetic acid, 1:2) as a green disperser in dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME)-SFOD that was used for the enrichment of nine steroids from water samples for the first time [33]
After the stir bar had passed through the solution eight times, it was removed from the tube and eluted and was subjected to DES-DLLME-SFOD
Summary
Despite unimpeachable improvements in analytical instrumentation, sample preparation still represents the major bottleneck and a greater time-consuming step in developing an analytical method [1]. The solidified floating organic droplets are transferred and are allowed to melt before being used for analysis This technique has the merits of being simple and uses less hazardous organic solvents than DLLME does. The spherical geometry of the floating droplet decreases the interfacial surface, reducing the extraction efficiency [13] This challenge might be overcome through the use of a dispersive solvent that could be used to disperse the organic droplets throughout the sample solution in the form of tiny droplets [14,15]. This, in turn, significantly improves the interfacial area and enhances the extraction efficiency We will provide a summary of the articles that are concerned with application of DESs in the DLLME-SFOD of target analytes from diverse samples to provide up-to-date knowledge in this area
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