Abstract
PHYSIOLOGIcAL homeostasis is maintained with energy that a bird must extract from its environment. Effective investment of the bird's time in exchange for the necessary energy must be the objective of maintenance strategy. If the rate of intake is less than the metabolic rate over a period of time, homeostasis is impossible. The temporal aspects involved in attainment of energy balance by a diurnal bird include duration of adequate light for effective foraging, cyclic availability of food, flight time to a food source or successful prey capture, duration of the nocturnal fast, and the daily environmental temperature cycle that will influence the overall energy cost. In summer the length of daylight for foraging increases with latitude, and the duration of the nocturnal fast decreases. In winter, the ratio of feeding time to fasting time is reduced with increasing latitude. The endurance of fasting would be directly proportional to the amount of energy in reserve and inversely related to the rate of degradation of the reserves:
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