Abstract
Stomach distension and energy per time are factors influencing satiety. Moreover, different rates of nutrient intake induce different stomach distension. The goal of our studies was to elucidate the influence of different oral rates of nutrient intake (normal rate versus slow intervalled rate; study I) and intravenous low rate macronutrient application (protein, carbohydrate, fat) or placebo (study II) on psychophysical function. The pilot studies investigated the effects of 1) study I: a mixed nutrient solution (1/3 protein, 1/3 fat, 1/3 carbohydrates) 2) study II: intravenous macronutrient infusions (protein, carbohydrate, fat) or placebo on psychophysical function (mood, hunger, food craving, alertness, smell intensity ratings and hedonic ratings) in human subjects. In study I 10 male subjects (age range: 21–30 years) completed the study protocol participating in both test conditions and in study II 20 male subjects (age range: 19–41 years) completed the study protocol participating in all test conditions. Additionally, metabolic function was analyzed and cognitive and olfactory tests were conducted twice starting 100 min before the beginning of the intervention and 240 min after. Psychophysical (mood, hunger, fat-, protein-, carbohydrate-, sweets- and vegetable-craving), alertness and metabolic function tests were performed seven times on each examination day. Greater effects on hunger and food cravings were observed for normal rate of intake compared to slow intervalled rate of intake and intravenous low rate macronutrient application. Our findings potentially confirm that volume of the food ingested and a higher rate of energy per time contribute to satiety during normal rate of food intake, while slow intervalled rate of food intake and intravenous low rate macronutrient application showed no effects on satiation. Our results motivate the view that a certain amount of volume of the food ingested and a certain energy per time ratio are necessary to reduce hunger and food craving.
Highlights
Researchers have demonstrated the importance of orosensory stimulation in combination with gastric stimulation of food ingestion on satiety (Cecil et al, 1999; Wijlens et al, 2012)
Our studies clearly demonstrated that a mixed nutrient solution of 600 kcal orally consumed within 30 min can significantly reduce hunger and food craving
Independent of the type of nutrient solution – protein, carbohydrate, fat, placebo – intravenous infusion failed to reduce hunger and food craving if the infusion of 600 kcal/1.5 L was spread over a time period of 340 min
Summary
Researchers have demonstrated the importance of orosensory stimulation in combination with gastric stimulation of food ingestion on satiety (Cecil et al, 1999; Wijlens et al, 2012). Cecil et al (1999) demonstrated that oral administration of a highfat meal induces a greater effect on appetite and slows gastric emptying more than a high-carbohydrate meal. This would have the effect of prolonging gastric distension. When food is ingested, the stomach and the small intestine expand, which can be measured by mechanosensors (Gekle et al, 2010) These sensors send information about the gastrointestinal expansion to the nucleus tractus solitarii, which inhibits the hunger center and inducing satiety (Berthoud and Neuhuber, 2000). The eating rate could influence food intake via differences in stomach distension, with slow eating resulting in slower gastric emptying (Robinson et al, 2014).
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