Dark sector unifications: Dark matter-phantom energy, dark matter - constant w dark energy, dark matter-dark energy-dark matter

In this work, I shall figure out the general structure of dark fabric matter, and the direct interactions of the celestial objects, ordinary matter, and ordinary energy with dark fabric matter and energy. Dark Fabric matter and energy is a hidden dimension of the parallel universes, visible Universe, galaxies, Atoms, molecules, ordinary matter, celestial objects, stellar systems, and Planetary systems. The Main Structure of Dark fabric matter consists of the Dark matter particles called Fabriton particles, Dark Matter Strings, and Dark Matter Webs. The dark matter particles are named fabriton particles. Fabriton means Fast actively binding reacting in total objects naturally. Fabriton is a good proposed name for dark matter particles to be recognized among subatomic particles. The mystery of Dark matter and the dark energy could be solved here entirely. Einstein and Newton built clear mathematical equations to describe the nature of gravity, after them many other people worked warmly to resolve the reality of gravity, dark matter, and dark energy. Gravity is the ripples, curvatures, gravitational waves, and tunnels that form rapidly in the structure of dark fabric matter and energy when celestial objects and ordinary matter particles pass through it directly.

There are not necessarily dark matter and dark energy in the solar system, and dark energy cannot distribute uniformly in the whole space. Based on Dirac negative energy, Einstein mass-energy relation and principle of equivalence, we proposed the negative matter as the simplest model of unified dark matter and dark energy. All theories are known, only mass includes positive and negative. Because there is repulsion between positive matter and negative matter, so which is invisible dark matter, and repulsion as dark energy. It may explain many phenomena of dark matter and dark energy. We derive that the rotational velocity of galaxy is approximate constant, and an evolutional ratio between total matter and usual matter from 1 to present 11.82 or 7.88. We calculate the accelerated expansion at 9.760 billion years. Further, the mechanism of inflation is origin of positive-negative matters created from nothing, whose expansion is exponential due to strong interactions at small microscopic scales. We propose specifically some possible ways on observe dark matter in the Milky Way. Many observatories should be able to observe these results. Final, we research some basic problems in cosmology: Possible mechanism of missing antimatter, the origins of mass and charge, etc. The negative matter as a candidate of unified dark matter and dark energy is not only the simplest, and is calculable, observable and testable, and may be changed and developed.

We consider the possibility that the universe is made of a single dark fluid described by a logotropic equation of state P = A ln(ρ/ρ*, where ρ is the rest-mass density, ρ * is a reference density, and A is the logotropic temperature. The energy density e is the sum of two terms: a rest-mass energy term ρ c 2 that mimics dark matter and an internal energy term u(ρ) = −P(ρ) − A that mimics dark energy. This decomposition leads to a natural, and physical, unification of dark matter and dark energy, and elucidates their mysterious nature. In the early universe, the rest-mass energy dominates and the dark fluid behaves as pressureless dark matter (P ≃ 0, e ∝ a −3. In the late universe, the internal energy dominates and the dark fluid behaves as dark energy (P ∼ −e, e ∝ ln a. The logotropic model depends on a single parameter B = A /ρ Λ c 2 (dimensionless logotropic temperature), where ρ Λ = 6.72 × 10−24 g m−3 is the cosmological density. For B = 0, we recover the ΛCDM model with a different justification. For B > 0, we can describe deviations from the ΛCDM model. Using cosmological constraints, we find that 0 ≤ B ≤ 0.09425. We consider the possibility that dark matter halos are described by the same logotropic equation of state. When B > 0, pressure gradients prevent gravitational collapse and provide halo density cores instead of cuspy density profiles, in agreement with the observations. The universal rotation curve of logotropic dark matter halos is consistent with the observational Burkert profile (Burkert, Astrophys. J. 447, L25 (1995)) up to the halo radius. It decreases as r −1 at large distances, similarly to the profile of dark matter halos close to the core radius (Burkert, arXiv:1501.06604). Interestingly, if we assume that all the dark matter halos have the same logotropic temperature B, we find that their surface density Σ 0 = ρ0 r h is constant. This result is in agreement with the observations (Donato et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 397, 1169 (2009)) where it is found that Σ 0 = 141 M ⊙/pc2 for dark matter halos differing by several orders of magnitude in size. Using this observational result, we obtain B = 3.53 × 10−3. Then, we show that the mass enclosed within a sphere of fixed radius r u = 300 pc has the same value M 300 1.93 × 107 M ⊙ for all the dwarf halos, in agreement with the observations (Strigari et al., Nature 454, 1096 (2008)). Finally, assuming that ρ * = ρ P , where ρ P = 5.16 × 1099 g m−3 is the Planck density, we predict B = 3.53 × 10−3, in perfect agreement with the value obtained from the observations. We approximately have B ≃ 1/ln(ρ P /ρ Λ ∼ 1/[123ln(10)], where 123 is the famous number occurring in the ratio ρ P /ρ Λ ∼ 10123 between the Planck density and the cosmological density. This value of B is sufficiently low to satisfy the cosmological bound 0 ≤ B ≤ 0.09425 and sufficiently large to differ from CDM (B = 0 and avoid density cusps in dark matter halos. It leads to a Jeans length at the beginning of the matter era of the order of Λ J =40.4 pc which is consistent with the minimum size of dark matter halos observed in the universe. Therefore, a logotropic equation of state is a good candidate to account both for galactic and cosmological observations. This may be a hint that dark matter and dark energy are the manifestation of a single dark fluid. If we assume that the dark fluid is made of a self-interacting scalar field, representing for example Bose-Einstein condensates, we find that the logotropic equation of state arises from the Gross-Pitaevskii equation with an inverted quadratic potential, or from the Klein-Gordon equation with a logarithmic potential. We also relate the logotropic equation of state to Tsallis generalized thermodynamics and to the Cardassian model motivated by the existence of extra-dimensions.

Based on Dirac’s negative energy, we propose and study the negative matter. Bondi’s results are wrong. First, the negative matter can be the simplest model of unified dark matter and dark energy. Next, we discuss various possible theories of the negative matter: some field equations, similar electrodynamics, field equations with non-symmetry, etc. Third, the quantum theory of negative matter is researched. Matter surrounded by dark-negative matter corresponds to an infinitely deep potential trap in quantum mechanics and forms a base of the universal wave-particle duality and quantum mechanics. Fourth, we propose the mechanism of inflation as the origin of positive-negative matters created from nothing. Fifth, assume that dark matter is completely the negative matter, and we may calculate an evolutional ratio between total matter and usual matter from 1 of inflation and the radiation-dominated universe to 7.88 of the present matter-dominated universe. It agrees with the observed value 6.36~7. Sixth, we research the relativity of the negative matter and theory in Lobachevskian geometry. Seventh, we propose a judgment test of the negative matter as dark matter is opposite repulsive lensing and other eight possible tests. Eighty, we propose a figure on the unification of the four basic interactions in three-dimensional space, in which the “running” couplingconstants of strong and weak interactions transform each other. The negative matter as a candidate of unification of dark matter and dark energy is not only the simplest, and may explain inflation and be calculated and tested.

The Generalization of the Periodic Table: The 'Periodic Table' of 'Dark Matter'

Effective dark energy equation of state in interacting dark energy models

We propose a heuristic unification of dark matter and dark energy in terms of a single dark fluid with a logotropic equation of state $P=A\ln(\rho/\rho_P)$, where $\rho$ is the rest-mass density, $\rho_P$ is the Planck density, and $A$ is the logotropic temperature. The energy density $\epsilon$ is the sum of a rest-mass energy term $\rho c^2$ mimicking dark matter and an internal energy term $u(\rho)=-P(\rho)-A$ mimicking dark energy. The logotropic temperature is approximately given by $A \simeq \rho_{\Lambda}c^2/\ln(\rho_P/\rho_{\Lambda})\simeq\rho_{\Lambda}c^2/[123 \ln(10)]$, where $\rho_{\Lambda}$ is the cosmological density. More precisely, we obtain $A=2.13\times 10^{-9} \, {\rm g}\, {\rm m}^{-1}\, {\rm s}^{-2}$ that we interpret as a fundamental constant. At the cosmological scale, this model fullfills the same observational constraints as the $\Lambda$CDM model. However, it has a nonzero velocity of sound and a nonzero Jeans length which, at the beginning of the matter era, is about $\lambda_J=40.4\, {\rm pc}$, in agreement with the minimum size of the dark matter halos observed in the universe. At the galactic scale, the logotropic pressure balances gravitational attraction and solves the cusp problem and the missing satellite problem. The logotropic equation of state generates a universal rotation curve that agrees with the empirical Burkert profile of dark matter halos up to the halo radius. In addition, it implies that all the dark matter halos have the same surface density $\Sigma_0=\rho_0 r_h=141\, M_{\odot}/{\rm pc}^2$ and that the mass of dwarf galaxies enclosed within a sphere of fixed radius $r_{u}=300\, {\rm pc}$ has the same value $M_{300}=1.93\times 10^{7}\, M_{\odot}$, in remarkable agreement with the observations.

The nature and properties of dark matter and dark energy in the universe are among the outstanding open issues of modern cosmology. Despite extensive theoretical and empirical efforts, the question “what is dark matter made of?” has not been answered satisfactorily. Candidates proposed to identify particle dark matter span over ninety orders of magnitude in mass, from ultra-light bosons, to massive black holes. Dark energy is a greater enigma. It is believed to be some kind of negative vacuum energy, responsible for driving galaxies apart in accelerated motion. In this article we take a relativistic approach in theorizing about dark matter and dark energy. Our approach is based on our recently proposed Information Relativity theory. Rather than theorizing about the identities of particle dark matter candidates, we investigate the relativistic effects on large scale celestial structures at their recession from an observer on Earth. We analyze a simplified model of the universe, in which large scale celestial bodies, like galaxies and galaxy clusters, are non-charged compact bodies that recede rectilinearly along the line-of-sight of an observer on Earth. We neglect contributions to dark matter caused by the rotation of celestial structures (e.g., the rotation of galaxies) and of their constituents (e.g., rotations of stars inside galaxies). We define the mass of dark matter as the complimentary portion of the derived relativistic mass, such that at any given recession velocity the sum of the two is equal to the Newtonian mass. The emerging picture from our analysis could be summarized as follows: 1) At any given redshift, the dark matter of a receding body exists in duality to its observable matter. 2) The dynamical interaction between the dark and the observed matter is determined by the body’s recession velocity (or redshift). 3) The observable matter mass density decreases with its recession velocity, with matter transforming to dark matter. 4) For redshifts z 0.5 the universe is dominated by dark matter. 5) Consistent with observational data, at redshift z = 0.5, the densities of matter and dark matter in the universe are predicted to be equal. 6) At redshift equaling the Golden Ratio (z ≈ 1.618), baryonic matter undergoes a quantum phase transition. The universe at higher redshifts is comprised of a dominant dark matter alongside with quantum matter. 7) Contrary to the current conjecture that dark energy is a negative vacuum energy that might interact with dark matter, comparisons of our theoretical results with observational results of ΛCDM cosmologies, and with observations of the relative densities of matter and dark energy at redshift z ≈ 0.55, allow us to conclude that dark energy is the energy carried by dark matter. 8) Application of the model to the case of rotating bodies, which will be discussed in detail in a subsequent paper, raises the intriguing possibility that the gravitational force between two bodies of mass is mediated by the entanglement of their dark matter components.

The dark matter and dark energy are one of the biggest challenges facing contemporary physics and astronomy. Dark energy and dark matter play an important role the universe. The amount of dark energy and dark matter determines how the universe changes. When there’s more dark energy, the universe is accelerating. If there were more dark matter, the universe might slow down, or even stop expanding and start contracting. So in this paper, the basic definition of dark matter and dark energy are introduced. And how were dark matter and dark energy discovered and their respective detection methods and the current progress of experiments to detect dark matter and dark energy respectively.

Dark energy and dark matter, two subjects of basic physics, have received a lot of attention in the 21st century. From the observational point of view, the interaction between dark energy and dark matter can significantly affect cosmological distances. This gives rise to the possibility of indirectly detecting such interaction through high-redshift cosmological probes. Theoretically, the introduction of interaction between dark energy and dark matter can assist in alleviating the coincidence problem of the standard cosmological model ($\Lambda$CDM model). Furthermore, this can provide a new method of studying the properties of dark matter particles. In this paper, based on the latest observations of multiple measurements of quasars (X-ray+UV quasars acting as standard candles, compact radio quasars acting as standard rulers) covering the redshift range of $0.04~<~z~<~5.1$ and baryonic acoustic oscillation between ($0.38~<~z~<~2.34$), we investigate the observational constraints on a variety of interacting dark energy models ($\gamma_d~$IDE model, $\gamma_m~$IDE model) and other cosmological models ($\Lambda$CDM model, XCDM model). The results provide us with a quantitative analysis of the possible interaction between dark energy and dark matter, as well as the possible range of the mass of dark matter particles. The joint analysis shows that: (1) Multiple measurements of quasars can provide more stringent constraints on the interacting dark energy models, which can further strengthen the potential of quasars acting as effective cosmological standard probes at higher redshifts; (2) In the framework of both $\gamma_m$IDE model and $\gamma_d$IDE model, the quasar data supports possible conversion of dark energy into dark matter at high redshift, which alleviates the coincidence problem to some extent. We also found that the interaction term is of a small value, which demonstrates the negligible interaction between dark matter and dark energy; (3) In the framework of $\Lambda$CDM model, which has shown the best consistency with quasar data, the density parameter of matter in the Universe is constrained at $\Omega_~m=0.317^{+0.007}_{-0.007}$, with the best-fit Hubble constant $H_0=68.177^{+0.497}_{-0.505}$ at 68.3% confidence level. These findings are consistent with the recent microwave background radiation (CMB) measurements from the Planck satellite; (4) If dark matter in the Universe exists in the form of scalar-field dark matter with $Z_2$ symmetry, we obtain the range of the mass of dark matter particles as $56~{\rm~GeV}\lesssim~m_S\lesssim~63~{\rm~GeV}$ or $m_S\gtrsim450~{\rm~GeV}$, based on the dark energy-dark matter coupling term from multiple measurements of quasars. Such conclusions agree well with the latest experimental results aimed at the direct detection of dark matter particles.

We have considered a cosmological model of holographic dark energy interacting with dark matter and another unknown component of dark energy of the universe. We have assumed two interaction terms Q and Q′ in order to include the scenario in which the mutual interaction between the two principal components (i.e., holographic dark energy and dark matter) of the universe leads to some loss in other forms of cosmic constituents. Our model is valid for any sign of Q and Q′. If Q<Q′, then part of the dark energy density decays into dark matter and the rest in the other unknown energy density component. But if Q>Q′, then dark matter energy receives from dark energy and from the unknown component of dark energy. Observation suggests that dark energy decays into dark matter. Here we have presented a general prescription of a cosmological model of dark energy which imposes mutual interaction between holographic dark energy, dark matter and another fluid. We have obtained the equation of state for the holographic dark energy density which is interacting with dark matter and other unknown component of dark energy. Using first law of thermodynamics, we have obtained the entropies for holographic dark energy, dark matter and other component of dark energy, when holographic dark energy interacting with two fluids (i.e., dark matter and other component of dark energy). Also we have found the entropy at the horizon when the radius (L) of the event horizon measured on the sphere of the horizon. We have investigated the GSL of thermodynamics at the present time for the universe enveloped by this horizon. Finally, it has been obtained validity of GSL which implies some bounds on deceleration parameter q.

We explore a cosmological model composed by a dark matter fluid interacting with a dark energy fluid. The interaction term has the non-linear λρmαρeβ form, where ρm and ρe are the energy densities of the dark matter and dark energy, respectively. The parameters α and β are in principle not constrained to take any particular values, and were estimated from observations. We perform an analytical study of the evolution equations, finding the fixed points and their stability properties in order to characterize suitable physical regions in the phase space of the dark matter and dark energy densities. The constants (λ,α,β) as well as wm and we of the EoS of dark matter and dark energy respectively, were estimated using the cosmological observations of the type Ia supernovae and the Hubble expansion rate H(z) data sets. We find that the best estimated values for the free parameters of the model correspond to a warm dark matter interacting with a phantom dark energy component, with a well goodness-of-fit to data. However, using the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) we find that this model is overcame by a warm dark matter – phantom dark energy model without interaction, as well as by the ΛCDM model. We find also a large dispersion on the best estimated values of the (λ,α,β) parameters, so even if we are not able to set strong constraints on their values, given the goodness-of-fit to data of the model, we find that a large variety of theirs values are well compatible with the observational data used.

We consider the interaction between dark matter and dark energy in the framework of holographic dark energy, and propose a natural and physically plausible form of interaction, in which the interacting term is proportional to the product of the powers of the dark matter and dark energy densities. We investigate the cosmic evolution in such models. The impact of the coupling on the dark matter and dark energy components may be asymmetric. While the dark energy decouples from the dark matter at late time, just as other components of the cosmic fluid become decoupled as the universe expands, interestingly, the dark matter may actually become coupled to the dark energy at late time. We shall name such a phenomenon as "incoupling". We use the latest type Ia supernovae data from the SCP team, baryon acoustics oscillation data from SDSS and 2dF surveys, and the position of the first peak of the CMB angular power spectrum to constrain the model. We find that the interaction term which is proportional to the the first power product of the dark energy and dark matter densities gives excellent fit to the current data.

By considering a holographic model for the dark energy in an anisotropic universe, the thermodynamics of a scheme of dark matter and dark energy interaction has been investigated. The results suggest that when holographic dark energy and dark matter evolve separately, each of them remains in thermodynamic equilibrium, therefore the interaction between them may be viewed as a stable thermal fluctuation that brings a logarithmic correction to the equilibrium entropy. Also the relation between the interaction term of the dark components and this thermal fluctuation has been obtained. Additionally, for a cosmological interaction as a free function, the anisotropy effects on the generalized second law of thermodynamics have been studied. By using the latest observational data on the holographic dark energy models as the unification of dark matter and dark energy, the observational constraints have been probed. To do this, we focus on observational determinations of the Hubble expansion rate H(z). Finally, we evaluate the anisotropy effects (although low) on various topics, such as the evolution of the statefinder diagnostic, the distance modulus and the spherical collapse from the holographic dark energy model and compare them with the results of the holographic dark energy of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker and $\Lambda$ CDM models.

Non-canonical scalar fields with the Lagrangian {{mathcal {L}}} = X^alpha - V(phi ), possess the attractive property that the speed of sound, c_s^{2} = (2,alpha - 1)^{-1}, can be exceedingly small for large values of alpha . This allows a non-canonical field to cluster and behave like warm/cold dark matter on small scales. We derive a general condition on the potential in order to facilitate the kinetic term X^alpha to play the role of dark matter, while the potential term V(phi ) playing the role of dark energy at late times. We demonstrate that simple potentials including V= V_0coth ^2{phi } and a Starobinsky-type potential can unify dark matter and dark energy. Cascading dark energy, in which the potential cascades to lower values in a series of discrete steps, can also work as a unified model.