Abstract
Traditionally, risk assessments have been conducted on individual chemicals; however, humans are exposed to multiple chemicals in daily life, some of which may act via a common mode or mechanism of action. Assessment of combined exposures (referenced in some applications as cumulative risk assessment) means an analysis, characterization, and possible quantification of the combined risks to health or the environment from multiple agents and/or stressors. The potential effects of combined exposures to multiple substances are increasingly considered in risk assessments and recently, regulatory agencies such as the US Environmental Protection Agency are considering both chemical and nonchemical elements, including, for example, socioeconomic status and related psychosocial stress.
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