COVID-19 vasculitis and novel vasculitis mimics.

Electrocardiographic features of patients with COVID-19: One year of unexpected manifestations

Impact of COVID-19 on the care of patients with liver disease: EASL-ESCMID position paper after 6 months of the pandemic.

Targeting the Gut Microbiota in Coronavirus Disease 2019: Hype or Hope?

Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children and Kawasaki Disease: Two Different Illnesses with Overlapping Clinical Features

The Right Ventricle in COVID-19 Lung Injury: Proposed Mechanisms, Management, and Research Gaps

Immune mechanisms of pulmonary intravascular coagulopathy in COVID-19 pneumonia.

Increased cardiovascular mortality in African Americans with COVID-19

The immunology of COVID-19: is immune modulation an option for treatment?

COVID-19 in Kidney Transplantation: Outcomes, Immunosuppression Management, and Operational Challenges.

Testing the Asymptomatic Pre-Surgical Population for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic constitutes a global health emergency. Currently, there are no completely effective therapeutic medications for the management of this outbreak. The cytokine storm is a hyperinflammatory medical condition due to excessive and uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients suffering from severe COVID-19, leading to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and even mortality. Understanding the pathophysiology of COVID-19 can be helpful for the treatment of patients. Evidence suggests that the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 are dramatically different between mild and severe patients, so they may be important contributors to the cytokine storm. Several serum markers can be predictors for the cytokine storm. This review discusses the cytokines involved in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, focusing on interferons (IFNs) and ILs, and whether they can be used in COVID-19 treatment. Moreover, we highlight several microRNAs that are involved in these cytokines and their role in the cytokine storm caused by COVID-19.

COVID-19: What do we know?

A tricompartmental model of lung oxygenation disruption to explain pulmonary and systemic pathology in severe COVID-19

Silencing of immune activation with methotrexate in patients with COVID-19

Human recombinant soluble ACE2 in severe COVID-19