Targeting the Gut Microbiota in Coronavirus Disease 2019: Hype or Hope?

Electrocardiographic features of patients with COVID-19: One year of unexpected manifestations

Anticoagulation as secondary prevention of massive lung thromboses in hospitalized patients with COVID-19

COVID-19: What do we know?

The Right Ventricle in COVID-19 Lung Injury: Proposed Mechanisms, Management, and Research Gaps

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Cardiovascular Complications: Implications for Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology

Testing the Asymptomatic Pre-Surgical Population for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Impact of COVID-19 on the care of patients with liver disease: EASL-ESCMID position paper after 6 months of the pandemic.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Hypertension: The Role of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 and the Renin-Angiotensin System.

COVID-19 vasculitis and novel vasculitis mimics.

Evidence of potent humoral immune activity in COVID-19-infected kidney transplant recipients.

Controversies in airway management of COVID-19 patients: updated information and international expert consensus recommendations

COVID-19 in Kidney Transplantation: Outcomes, Immunosuppression Management, and Operational Challenges.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic constitutes a global health emergency. Currently, there are no completely effective therapeutic medications for the management of this outbreak. The cytokine storm is a hyperinflammatory medical condition due to excessive and uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in patients suffering from severe COVID-19, leading to the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and even mortality. Understanding the pathophysiology of COVID-19 can be helpful for the treatment of patients. Evidence suggests that the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 are dramatically different between mild and severe patients, so they may be important contributors to the cytokine storm. Several serum markers can be predictors for the cytokine storm. This review discusses the cytokines involved in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, focusing on interferons (IFNs) and ILs, and whether they can be used in COVID-19 treatment. Moreover, we highlight several microRNAs that are involved in these cytokines and their role in the cytokine storm caused by COVID-19.

COVID-19: a complex multisystem disorder

Management of bacteriological specimens of patients suffering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)