Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders

Abstract

Contents Introduction: It's Just Another Hazardous Materials Incident! History of Terrorism Chemical Terrorist Agents Nerve Agents Blister Agents or Vesicants Blood Agents (Cyanogens) Choking Agents (Lung Damaging Agents) Riot Control Agents (Irritant Agents) Vomiting Agents Miscellaneous Chemical Agents Biological Terrorist Agents Bacterial Agents Viruses Biological Toxins Explosive Terrorism ATF Bomb Threat Checklist Characteristics of Explosions Categories of Explosions Types of Chemical Explosions Two Phases of Explosions Yield vs. Order Improvised Explosive Devices Letter and Package Bombs Explosives under ATF Jurisdiction Nuclear Terrorism Definition of Radioactive Material History of Radiation Atomic Structure Nuclear Fission Types of Radiation Measurements of Radioactivity Biological Effects of Nuclear Explosions Radiation Exposure Effects of Nuclear Explosions Incendiary Terrorism What is Arson? Firefighter's Role History of Incendiary Terrorist Incidents Types of Incendiary Devices Chemistry of Fire and Fire Behavior Heat Transfer Stages of Fire Development Clues to Arson and Terrorism Fire Causes Monitoring and Detection Equipment for Terrorist Agents pH Monitoring for Oxygen Levels Monitoring for Flammable Atmospheres Monitoring Toxic Atmospheres Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Colorimetric Sampling Tubes Chemical Agent Detectors Direct-Read Instruments Test Kits Test Strips CDP Five-Step Process for Biological Materials Five-Step Testing Process Agent Characteristics for Monitoring Biological Agent Detectors Radiation Detection Equipment Air Monitoring during Terrorist Incidents Explosives Monitoring Anthrax Field Test Update Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and Decontamination for Terrorist Agents Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Respiratory Protection Body Protection Guidelines for Choosing Chemical and Biological Agent Protective Clothing PPE Required for Protection from Specific Agents CDC Interim Recommendations for the Selection and Use of Protective Clothing and Respirators against Biological Agents Heat and Cold Stress PPE of the Future Decontamination Technical Decontamination Emergency Decontamination Removing Clothing Skin Decontamination Solutions and Agents Equipment Decontamination Solutions and Agents Decontamination Corridor Setup Response Tactics for Terrorism: The Rules Have Changed Approaching the Scene Establishing Scene Control Identifying the Hazards Public Protection Options Managing the Incident National Incident Management System (NIMS) Incident Operations Triage, Treatment, and Transport Preparing the Hospitals Managing the Deceased Fighting Fires Involving Chemical Agents Investigating the Crime Termination of the Incident Developing a Plan Resources Response to Incidents Involving Radioactive Materials Department of Energy Nuclear Emergency Search Team (NEST) FEMA's Urban Search & Rescue (US&R) Program Metropolitan Medical Strike Force Teams (MMST) FBI Explosives Unit - Bomb Data Center U.S. Army Soldier Systems Command (SBCCOM) U.S. Coast Guard Strike Force National Guard Civil Support Teams (Formerly Rapid Assessment and Initial Detection [RAID] Teams) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Visual First Responder (VFR) Homeland Security Alert System Trident/One Mass Decontamination Device Terrorism Resources and Response Training National Fire Academy: Emmitsburg, Maryland Center for Domestic Preparedness (CDP): Fort McClellan, Alabama Center for Domestic Preparedness (CDP) Training Programs Resident Training Center for Domestic Preparedness Training Update L.Z. Johnson Retires as Center for Domestic Preparedness Director Hospital Preparedness for Terrorism Types of MMRS/IEMC Programs National Center for Emergency Preparedness National Center for Combating Terrorism (NCCT) (Nevada Test Site) New Mexico Tech Energetic Materials Research and Training Center (EMRTC) Louisiana State University (LSU) (Academy of Counter-Terrorist Education) National Emergency Response and Rescue Training Center (NERRTC) Training Videos Available from the Department of Justice Glossary 1 References Appendix A Terrorism Web Sites Appendix B U.S. Urban Search & Rescue Response System Appendix C Conversion Charts Temperature Conversions Radiation Term Conversion Factors Common Conversions 66 Appendix D Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms List of Explosive Materials Appendix E Regulations on the Transfer or Receipt of Select Agents Registration CDC Form EA-101 Disposal Exemptions Penalties Viruses Transfer of Select Agents Other Restrictions Additional Exemptions Appendix F Chronological Listing of UNABOMBER Targets 1978-1995 Appendix G Tools Needed for Bomb or Explosives Scene Investigation Safety General Crime Scene Tools Scene Documentation Evidence Collection Specialized Equipment Appendix H List of Resource Organizations for Bomb and Explosives Incidents Index