Correlation between sequence, structure and function for trisporoid processing proteins in the model zygomycete Mucor mucedo

Abstract

Terpenoids, steroids, carotenoids, phytoenes and other chemically related substance groups fulfill multiple functions in all realms of the organismic world. This analysis focuses on trisporoids that operate as pheromones in the phylogenetically ancient fungal group of mucoralean zygomycetes. Trisporoids serve as pheromones for recognizing complementary mating partners and for inducing the differentiation program towards sexual spore formation. Trisporoids are synthesized by oxidative degradation of β-carotene. Structurally, they are related to retinoids in mammals and abscisic acid in vascular plants. In order to evaluate evolutionary relationships between proteins involved in trisporoid binding and also for checking possibilities to recognize functionally related proteins by sequence and structure comparisons, we compared representative proteins of different origins. Towards this goal, we calculated three-dimensional structures for 4-dihydromethyltrisporate dehydrogenase (TSP1) and 4-dihydrotrisporin dehydrogenase (TSP2), the two proteins involved in trisporic acid synthesis that have unequivocally been correlated with their catalytic function for the model zygomycete Mucor mucedo. TSP1 is an aldo–keto reductase with a TIM-barrel structure, TSP2 belongs to short-chain dehydrogenases, characterized by a Rossmann fold. Evidently, functional conservation, even implying very similar substrates and identical cosubstrates of enzymes in a single organism, turns out to be essentially independent of basic protein structure. The binding sites for NADP and trisporoid ligands in the proteins were determined by docking studies, revealing those regions affecting substrate specificity. Despite the pronounced differences in amino acid sequence and tertiary structure, the surfaces around the active sites are comparable between TSP1 and TSP2. Two binding regions were identified, one sterically open and a second closed one. In contrast to TSP1, all docking models for TSP2 place the trisporoid into the second, channel-like region.