Abstract
A considerable market share of electric vehicles (EVs) is expected in the near future, which leads to a transformation from gas stations to EV charging infrastructure for automobiles. EV charging stations will be integrated with the power grid to replace the fuel consumption at the gas stations for the same mobile needs. In order to evaluate the impact on distribution networks and the controllability of the charging load, the temporal and spatial distribution of the charging power is calculated by establishing mapping the relation between gas stations and charging facilities. Firstly, the arrival and parking period is quantified by applying queuing theory and defining membership function between EVs to parking lots. Secondly, the operational model of charging stations connected to the power distribution network is formulated, and the control variables and their boundaries are identified. Thirdly, an optimal control algorithm is proposed, which combines the configuration of charging stations and charging power regulation during the parking period of each individual EV. A two-stage hybrid optimization algorithm is developed to solve the reliability constrained optimal dispatch problem for EVs, with an EV aggregator installed at each charging station. Simulation results validate the proposed method in evaluating the controllability of EV charging infrastructure and the synergy effects between EV and renewable integration.
Highlights
The high penetration of electric vehicles and renewable energy sources in the electric power networks provides a promising solution to the energy crisis and environmental stress
In the formulation of electric vehicles (EVs) charging stations in oil-to-electricity transformation, charging load distributed at certain charging stations was equivalent to energy consumption for the automobiles served at the gas stations
The number of EVs at each station were calculated according to the ratio of the capacities given by the proposed optimization algorithm for all EV charging stations
Summary
The high penetration of electric vehicles and renewable energy sources in the electric power networks provides a promising solution to the energy crisis and environmental stress. EVs can act as mobile energy storage to facilitate the integration of intermittent renewable power generation, further alleviating the dependency on fossil fuels [1]. Energy Administration announced the goal to have 120 thousand EV charging stations and 4.8 million charging piles in the power network by 2020. With increasing market share of electric vehicles (EVs), the gas stations are expected to be replaced with EV charging facilities supplied by electric power systems. The charging load distribution transformed from the fuel consumption at the gas stations needs to be precisely quantified to evaluate the impact on the power system. The possible solutions can be suggested, such as upgrading the existing power system or applying appropriate control techniques in order to maintain the reliable and economic operation of the power system
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