Construction of MIP/Bi2S3 nanoparticles/rGO nanoprobe for simultaneous electrochemical determination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid

Abstract

Herein, a dual-template electrochemical sensor was developed for simultaneous determination of electro-active drug e.g. amoxicillin (AMOX) and electro-inactive drug e.g. clavulanate potassium (CLAV). The sensor consists of bismuth selenide nanoparticles (Bi2Se3 NPs) modified reduced graphene oxide (rGO), over which a thin film of molecular imprinted polymer was formed (MIP/Bi2Se3 NPs@ rGO). AMOX was directly oxidized on the surface of the as-fabricated sensor while CLAV decreased the current peak of a redox probe. The proposed MIP-based electrochemical sensor exhibited wide-linear ranges of 1.42–1100 μM and 0.2–1100 μM for AMOX and CLAV, respectively, with respective limit of detection (S/N = 3) values of 0.43 μM AND 0.06 μM. Additionally, the proposed sensor was efficiently applied for the analysis of pharmaceutical tablets and human serum samples with recoveries % in the range of 98.0–103.1% and RSDs % less than 3.6%. The results of the determination agreed well with HPLC/UV method. The synergism between MIP and Bi2Se3 NPs@ rGO resulted in many advantages including high selectivity, low detection limits, good stability, and high reliability. The proposed sensor exhibited a new venue for simultaneous determination of electro-active and electro-inactive species during therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM).