A dual-template imprinted polymer electrochemical sensor based on AuNPs and nitrogen-doped graphene oxide quantum dots coated on NiS2/biomass carbon for simultaneous determination of dopamine and chlorpromazine

Abstract

In this study, a dual template molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor was fabricated for the simultaneous determination of dopamine (DA) and chlorpromazine (CPZ). Nitrogen-doped graphene oxide quantum dots (N-GOQDs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were deposited on a combination of biomass carbon and biomass-derived asymmetric carbon-based nanospheres decorated with NiS2 nanoparticles (NiS2/BC), and the obtained material was used to modify glass carbon electrode (GCE). The electropolymerization of nicotinamide (NA) on Au/N-GOQDs/NiS2/BC/GCE via cyclic voltammetry (CV) using NA as functional monomer and DA and CPZ as template was used to produce molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) film. Various experimental parameters, including electropolymerization cycles, template-to-functional monomer ratio, pH value, elution time, and incubation time, were optimized. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) response under optimized parameters show two linear ranges for DA (0.05–8 µM and 8–40 µM), and the limit of detection (LOD) is as low as 2.8 nM (S/N = 3). CPZ had a linearity range of 0.005–2 µM with very low LOD value of 0.25 nM (S/N = 3). The prepared MIP electrochemical sensor had good reproducibility and repeatability, acceptable stability, and high selectivity for DA and CPZ. Furthermore, the sensor was used in real sample analysis of human serum, urine and pharmaceutical samples, and the result of recovery (93.9%–106.15%) and relative standard deviation (RSD) (1.5%–6.6%) indicated good practicality.